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Optics Communications

A perfect secure optical-network with an anti-correlated noise

Il-Pyeong Hwang, Chang-Hee Lee

Published Mar 3, 2020• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We propose a perfect secrecy optical communication with an anti-correlated noise between wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) channels. The anti-correlated noise carries confidential information. By sending the different WDM channels to different communication paths in optical communication networks (wired and/or wireless), the achievable signal-to-noise ratio for eavesdroppers can be restricted to much less than that of a target receiver. We demonstrate a perfect secrecy optical network with a three-channel anti-correlated noise generated by using a Fabry–Perot laser diode and a broadband light source. The secure data-rate of 3.95-Gb/s was achieved against an eavesdropper on a single path. We also investigate a secrecy capacity as a function of the number of eavesdropped paths. Finally, security enhancement methods for the proposed system are introduced.

DOI
10.1016/j.optcom.2020.125649

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Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is a photonic technology capable to transport over a single fiber more than a Tbit/s aggregate traffic. Currently, WDM is the only deployed method in transcontinental and transoceanic applications. In the optical network, each fiber link consists of segments, each several kilometers long, the connecting points of which are amenable to tapping. When a small amount of optical signal is extracted from a tap, when the signal is properly amplified it can be monitored by unauthorized personnel thus threatening communications and land-security. Since each WDM channel carries traffic from one customer, it is not difficult for the connoisseur to demultiplex a specific channel, isolate a specific payload and break the encrypted datagram. Therefore, in addition to data encryption, high-speed communications security should also rely on securing the optical links. In this paper, we present a WDM link security method that, even if fiber is tapped, constitutes channel monitoring and information decrypting by an eavesdropper or unauthorized personnel virtually impossible. In addition, we describe the circuit building blocks behind the method that makes eavesdropping impossible.
In telecommunication networks and in computer grid networks, a significant ongoing research is in a technology known as wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), which is capable to transport more than 1 Tbps aggregate traffic over a single fiber. However, when massive amounts of information are transported, as in optical networks, there are three issues that stand, cost-efficient ultra-high bandwidth delivery, security of information and data, and security of the network and of the transporting link layer. In optical networks, each fiber link consists of segments, each several kilometers long. Since a single WDM channel carries traffic, there are opportunities for sophisticated eavesdroppers to tap the fiber, copy a channel, isolate a specific payload and attempt to decrypt it if the encryption key is known or it is breakable with a fast computer. Therefore, end-to-end data security should not only rely on the client's encryption method but also on securing the transmission method on the optical link. In this paper, we present a WDM link security methodology that encrypts multiple channels and with multiple keys to render channel monitoring by eavesdroppers virtually impossible. Although our paper presents the applicability of the method on a point-to-point topology, it is applicable to a multilink and edge-to-edge network path.
We propose and experimentally demonstrate a stable secure optical communication system with no need for secure key distribution. In this scheme, the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise is used as the optical carrier to hide the signal both in time and frequency domain. The coherence length of the ASE noise is pretty short so that it is extremely difficult for an eavesdropper to intercept the signal. Only one Mach-Zehnder interferometer exists in the receiver, and there is no need for the receiver to match the optical delay. By this way, the optical delay and the polarization fluctuation caused by the environment can be automatically counteracted in the returning path. Therefore, no key distribution is required, and the optical delay value can be changed dynamically as a secret key in the receiver. In our experiment, 1Gb/s encrypted on-off keying signal is securely transmitted over 25km standard single mode fiber and dispersion compensation fiber.