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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

Pit Bistable optical devices: physical processes and practical applications

David A. B. Miller

Published Jan 1, 1982• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Optical bistability (OB) can be defined as the existence of two stable states for one set of optical input conditions. It can be seen in many different systems which generally combine some microscopic nonlinearity (e.g., intensity-dependent refractive index) with some macroscopic feedback (e.g., a Fabry-Perot cavity). OB shows not only hysteresis but also switching transitions. By adjusting the degree of feedback various related effects are also possible (e.g., optical limiters, optical transistors, and several kinds of oscillation phenomena).

DOI
10.1364/cleo.1982.fl1

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Optical bistability (OB) can be defined as the existence of two stable states for one set of optical input conditions. It can be seen in many different systems which generally combine some microscopic nonlinearity (e.g., intensity-dependent refractive index) with some macroscopic feedback (e.g., a Fabry-Perot cavity). OB shows not only hysteresis but also switching transitions. By adjusting the degree of feedback various related effects are also possible (e.g., optical limiters, optical transistors, and several kinds of oscillation phenomena).
When the output parameter of an optical device could be a multivalued function of the input parameter, this device can be working in an optical bistable status. The most typical optical bistable device is a Fabry–Perot cavity containing a nonlinear optical medium, the refractive index of which depends on the light intensity. Upon the action of an intense input optical beam, the transmitted (or reflected) intensity of this device may exhibit a nonlinear response to the incident light intensity variation and, especially under appropriate working conditions, the characteristic output/input curve may manifest a single (or multiple) hysteresis loop(s). Such type of optical bistable device can be used as an optical differential amplifier, optical switch, optical limiter, optical clipper, optical discriminator, or an optical memory element, depending on the chosen nonlinear medium and operation conditions.
Summary form only given. Optical bistability is basically a nonlinear response of the medium (here confined electrons in a QW) to an external oscillating field, in which there are three possible responses (two stable and one unstable). Which one the system chooses depends on the history of the adiabatically varying control parameters (usually electric field amplitude). The OB we consider is an intrinsic feature of the electron gas in the QW, and does not rely on the use of a Fabry-Perot resonator. Another feature of OB is that it is not a ubiquitous nonlinear response such as superharmonic generation; it can be observed only at some restricted values of the parameters. Furthermore the nonlinear response changes abruptly from one value of the output to the other. This effect can be measured by detecting the different transmitted intensities of the FIR field to the same input field. These features of OB make it a relevant choice for applications to optical switching and the realization of optical logic gates.
In the last chapter, we examined the effect of cubic nonlinearity on selfrefraction of an optical beam. We have also seen that the presence of a quadratic nonlinearity can also contribute to change in the profile of a Gaussian beam in a crystal. In this chapter we will see how the effect of nonlinearity, alongwith the proper feedback, can give rise to optical bistability and hysteresis. This is not unexpected as hysteresis and bistability are also observed in nonlinear electronic circuits with feedback, such as in the Schmitt trigger, as well as in hybrid optical devices, such as an acoustooptic device with feedback (Banerjee and Poon, 1991). In what follows, we will examine two different types of optically bistable devices based on optical nonlinearities. The first is a nonlinear ring resonator comprising a two-level gain medium as the nonlinear element. We will treat both absorptive and dispersive bistability. Absorptive bistability is the case when the incident optical frequency is close to or equal to the transition frequency of the atoms from one level to another. In this case, the absorption coefficient becomes a nonlinear function of the incident intensity. On the other hand, if the frequencies are far apart, the medium behaves like a Kerr-type material and the system exhibits what is called dispersive bistability. In this case the material can be modeled by an effective n2 or v (3), meaning that the refractive index becomes a nonlinear function of the optical intensity. The second configurationwewill examine is a linear-nonlinear interface. In this case, the interface provides the feedback due to refractive index mismatch. In fact, the reflection coefficient (as well as the transmission coefficient) is modified due to the nonlinearity, which, as we shall see later, is responsible for demonstrating optical switching and bistability.
We propose and report the first experimental demonstration of a new type of active optical bistable device composed of an optical cavity and a lasing medium with a pumping source of either optical or nonopticai means. The basic principle underlying the operation of the optical bistable laser (OBL) is based on the stable-unstable cavity configuration transition of an active optical resonator. Generally speaking, a laser system showing both pump- and laser-induced tensing (focusing or defocusing) effects may display such a hysteresis loop in its input-output characteristics. Optical bistability (OB) based on self-focusing of light in a medium having a nonlinear refractive index has recently been shown experimentally.1
Abstract Optical bistability (OB) is a phenomenon that describes a light induced phase transition in the non-equilibrium state. It is vital for all-optical computing and communication, serving as the basis for switches, logic gates, transistors, and memory. By enabling two stable light states, OB allows storage and fast switching, making high-speed, energy-efficient data processing possible. In this work we study the phenomenon in a two-band semiconductor in an optical cavity. Starting from a many-body Hamiltonian of optically generated electrons, holes and light-semiconductor interaction and Coulomb electron–electron, hole–hole and electron–hole interactions, we obtain the optical Bloch equations, in the mean field approximation, where relaxation is included phenomenologically. We obtain expressions for particle density, excitonic pair density and output intensity as non-linear functions of input light intensity. All these quantities show bistable behaviour, with two stable phases, and hysteresis in the non-equilibrium state. Equilibrium is ensured by introducing damping terms for the particle density amplitude, excitonic density amplitude, and cavity photon amplitude phenomenologically. The electron–hole pairs increase with light intensity, shows bistable features and then disappears with further increase in the input light intensity. The bistable behaviour becomes pronounced as we pass from low Coulomb interaction strengths to high Coulomb interaction strengths between electrons and holes. For sub-bandgap excitations, the output light versus incident light shows a complex behaviour.