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Acta Physica Sinica

Tripartite quantum deterministic key distribution based on GHZ states

Nanrun Zhou, Song Han-Chong, Li-Hua Gong, Ye Liu

Published Jan 1, 2012• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

By exploiting the entanglement properties of continuous variable quantum GHZ state, we propose a tripartite quantum deterministic key distribution, in which the key is generated from its amplitude and the phase can be used to test and verify the channel security. The existing quantum deterministic key distribution can only hand over deterministic key to one receiver in one communication. However, we always have to transmit deterministic key to more than one receiver in real life. The analysis results of information theory show that when the channel transmission efficiency is greater than 0.5, the proposed protocol can securely hand over the pre-deterministic key to two receivers simultaneously, and it can also be extended to multiparty quantum deterministic key distribution when preparing multiple entangled state, this will greatly improve the overall efficiency of the key transmission, furthermore, the continuous variable quantum GHZ state could have a higher channel capacity, so the protocol has the important practical significance.

DOI
10.7498/aps.61.214203

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By exploiting the entanglement properties of continuous variable quantum GHZ state, we propose a tripartite quantum deterministic key distribution, in which the key is generated from its amplitude and the phase can be used to test and verify the channel security. The existing quantum deterministic key distribution can only hand over deterministic key to one receiver in one communication. However, we always have to transmit deterministic key to more than one receiver in real life. The analysis results of information theory show that when the channel transmission efficiency is greater than 0.5, the proposed protocol can securely hand over the pre-deterministic key to two receivers simultaneously, and it can also be extended to multiparty quantum deterministic key distribution when preparing multiple entangled state, this will greatly improve the overall efficiency of the key transmission, furthermore, the continuous variable quantum GHZ state could have a higher channel capacity, so the protocol has the important practical significance.
In order to improve the efficiency of deterministic key distribution,a quantum key distribution scheme based on GHZ states entanglement swapping was proposed.By sharing a pair of GHZ states between communicators,Bob can deduce deterministic key from classic information which was sent by Alice who took entanglement and measurement operation.Compared with other scheme based on GHZ entanglement state,two GHZ states produced by Bob in the proposed scheme and particles are distributed not by Alice,but Bob.Security analysis results show that any eavesdropper can be found in time.The proposed scheme has high distribution efficiency in that all the GHZ states can be used to transmit information except those chosen for checking eavesdroppers,it can reach the distribution efficiency at 60% and simple to operation.
The distribution of deterministic keys is of significance in personal communications, but the existing continuous variable quantum key distribution protocols can only generate random keys. By exploiting the entanglement properties of two-mode squeezed states, a continuous variable quantum deterministic key distribution (CVQDKD) scheme is presented for handing over the pre-determined key to the intended receiver. The security of the CVQDKD scheme is analyzed in detail from the perspective of information theory. It shows that the scheme can securely and effectively transfer pre-determined keys under ideal conditions. The proposed scheme can resist both the entanglement and beam splitter attacks under a relatively high channel transmission efficiency.
A quantum deterministic key distribution(QDKD) protocol was proposed by using W states as a carrier which is suitable for quantum channel transmission.Under the precondition of photon stability,using quantum correlations and a public string S as a key to key distribution,a high efficiency of 54.54% was reached just almost with GHZ states,and photons were transmitted with a stronger robustness.Security analysis results show that this protocol could resist two common attacks,ensure the communication safe and reliable.Meanwhile,this protocol doesn't involve any unitary operation.It's easy handling.
By exploiting quantum teleportation, we propose a continuous-variable quantum deterministic key distribution (CVQDKD) protocol using two-mode squeezed vacuum state and coherent state. The efficiency is 100% under the homodyne detection. The security of CVQDKD is analyzed in detail from information theory, and the result shows that the proposed protocol can securely hand over the pre-deterministic key. By contrast with the quantum random key distribution, the quantum deterministic key distribution plays an irreplaceable role in the field of key management. Furthermore, the CVQDKD can obtain a higher rate and better efficiency than the quantum deterministic key distribution protocols with discrete variables, and the quantum states used in the protocol are also easy to produce and manipulate, which i suitable for long-distance transmission. Therefore, the CVQDKD protocol is more practical.
Based on quantum identity authentication, a novel continuous variable quantum steganography protocol is proposed in this paper. It can effectively transmit deterministic secret information in the public quantum channel by taking full advantage of entanglement properties of continuous variable GHZ state. Compared with the existing quantum steganography results, this protocol has the advantages of good imperceptibility and easy implementation. Finally, the detailed performance analysis proves that the proposed protocol has not only these advantages, but also good security and information transmission efficiency, even under eavesdropping attacks, especially to the spectroscopic noise attack.
Conventional Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) requires the transmission of qubits proportional to or exceeding the length of the key, as protocols such as BB84 transmit more qubits than the final key size due to basis sifting and privacy amplification. Since quantum networks are still in their infancy and have limited capacity, this overhead puts significant pressure on network resources. To address this issue, we propose a Multi-Qubit Greenberger--Horne--Zeilinger (GHZ) State-based QKD scheme that reduces the number of qubits transmitted over the quantum channel. The proposed method transmits one GHZ qubit between endpoints and reuses the resulting entanglement to convey multiple classical key bits with the help of Quantum Non-Demolition (QND) measurements. Under the stated assumptions on authenticated classical communication, local reset verification, and bounded-error QND discrimination, one can transfer LLL classical bits by generating an (L+1)-qubit GHZ state and transferring one qubit to the remote party. We verify correctness using the NetSquid quantum network simulator: the protocol achieves 100\% raw-key fidelity for keys of length up to 12 bits under both ideal conditions and depolarizing noise up to p = 0.005 per round. We further show that the proposed QKD algorithm can be extended to multi-party QKD and server-client deployment. The proposed scheme offers a transmitted-qubit-efficient, noise-tolerant alternative for bandwidth-limited quantum networks.