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Nanoscale Imaging, Sensing, and Actuation for Biomedical Applications

Interaction-free quantum imaging

Yingwen Zhang, Lu Gao, Alicia Sit, Gal Amit, Hugo Larocque, Florence Grenapin, James L. Harden, Robert W. Boyd, Avshalom C. Elitzur, Eliahu Cohen, Ebrahim Karimi

Published Feb 21, 2020• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum imaging attempts to exploit the quantum features of light in order to enhance one or more aspects of classical imaging. Here we focus on two quantum imaging schemes – ghost imaging and interaction-free imaging – and moreover, on their combination. After a brief overview of the subject we report the main result: a laboratory demonstration of a new imaging scheme termed Interaction-Free Ghost Imaging. We then explain its merits for the task of imaging various structured objects. Next, we discuss an outgrowth of this scheme used for the purpose of nonlocal quantum erasure. We conclude by mentioning some related, low-dose schemes (both quantum and quantum-inspired) for X-ray and gammaray sources.

DOI
10.1117/12.2546651

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Quantum imaging attempts to exploit the quantum features of light in order to enhance one or more aspects of classical imaging. Here we focus on two quantum imaging schemes – ghost imaging and interaction-free imaging – and moreover, on their combination. After a brief overview of the subject we report the main result: a laboratory demonstration of a new imaging scheme termed Interaction-Free Ghost Imaging. We then explain its merits for the task of imaging various structured objects. Next, we discuss an outgrowth of this scheme used for the purpose of nonlocal quantum erasure. We conclude by mentioning some related, low-dose schemes (both quantum and quantum-inspired) for X-ray and gammaray sources.
Correlated light (either classical or quantum) can be employed in various ways to improve resolution and measurement sensitivity. In an “interaction-free” measurement, a single photon can be used to reveal the presence of an object placed within one arm of an interferometer without being absorbed by it. This method has previously been applied to imaging. With a technique known as “ghost imaging”, entangled photon pairs are used for detecting an opaque object with significantly improved signal-to-noise ratio while preventing over-illumination. Here, we integrate these two methods to obtain a new imaging technique which we term “interaction-free ghost-imaging” that possesses the benefits of both techniques. While improving the image quality of conventional ghost-imaging, this new technique is also sensitive to phase and polarization changes in the photons introduced by a structured object. Furthermore, thanks to the “interaction-free” nature of this new technique, it is possible to reduce the number of photons required to produce a clear image of the object (which could be otherwise damaged by the photons) making this technique superior for probing light-sensitive materials and eventually biological tissues. If time allows, I will discuss some follow-up works involving partial measurements and remote erasure/completion of images. The latter techniques can help to suppress various types of noise during the imaging process.
Quantum imaging techniques offer enhanced resolution, contrast, and precision at ultralow illumination levels compared to traditional imaging approaches. Relying on the unique properties of entangled photon pairs, two of these techniques stand out: the correlation-based quantum imaging technique provides visibility enhancement in imaging of a low-reflectivity object which is subject to excessive noise and losses, while the interaction-free ghost imaging allows for probing the presence of an object with an ultimately low number of photons. Here we propose a quantum imaging scheme that combines the unique advantages of these two approaches. We show that this scheme offers high-contrast imaging of objects with a minimal number of photons that can minimize thermal noise efficiently and create background-free images. We anticipate that this approach can find application in the imaging of photosensitive biological tissues in a noninvasive and harm-free fashion.
Quantum - or classically correlated - light can be employed in various ways to improve resolution and measurement sensitivity. In an "interaction-free" measurement, a single photon can be used to reveal the presence of an object placed within one arm of an interferometer without being absorbed by it. With a technique known as "ghost-imaging", entangled photon pairs are used for detecting an opaque object with significantly improved signal-to-noise ratio while preventing over-illumination. Here, we integrate these two methods to obtain a new imaging technique which we term "interaction-free ghost-imaging" (IFGI). With this new technique, we reduce photon illumination on the object by up to 26.5% while still maintaining at least the same image quality of conventional ghost-imaging. Alternatively, IFGI can improve image signal-to-noise ratio by 18% when given the same number of interacting photons as in standard ghost-imaging. IFGI is also sensitive to phase and polarisation changes of the photons introduced by a structured object. These advantages make IFGI superior for probing light-sensitive materials and biological tissues.
We propose an interaction-free ghost imaging scheme based on a thermal light source. By utilizing the quantum Zeno-like effect, our approach significantly reduces the light dose absorbed by the sample, thereby effectively preventing sample damage induced by light-matter interactions. Combined with the elimination of entangled photon sources and single-photon detectors, our approach enables significantly more photons to be utilized for image reconstruction, thereby markedly enhancing image quality compared to conventional ghost imaging. We further demonstrate active suppression of background noise via controllable photon loss. Our work offers a practical and cost-effective route to non-destructive, high-quality imaging for light-sensitive samples in fields such as life sciences.
Although questions regarding fundamental issues of quantum theory still exist, quantum entanglement has started to play important roles in practical engineering applications. Quantum imaging is one of these exciting areas. Quantum imaging has so far demonstrated three peculiar features: enhancing the spatial resolution of imaging beyond the diffraction limit; reproducing ghost images in a “nonlocal” manner; and dispersion-cancelation or turbulence-free imaging. The enhanced spatial resolution apparently “violates” the uncertainty principle. The ghost imaging is considered as a “nonlocal” phenomenon due to a point-to-point correlation of two interaction-free photons at distance. All the peculiar features are the results of two-photon interference, which involves the superposition of two-photon amplitudes, a nonclassical entity corresponding to different yet indistinguishable alternative ways of creating a joint-detection event. The effect of turbulence on a classic image can be easily seen from the blurring of the images.
One of the most surprising consequences of quantum mechanics is the nonlocal behavior of a multi-particle system. Although questions regarding fundamental issues of quantum theory still exist, nonclassical surprises have started to play important roles in practical applications. Ghost imaging is one of these exciting areas. Two types of ghost imaging have been experimentally demonstrated since 1995. Type-one ghost imaging uses entangled photon pairs and type-two ghost imaging uses chaotic light. The unique point-to-point image-forming correlation between the object and image planes in ghost imaging is the result of a constructive-destructive interference which involves the nonlocal superposition of two-photon amplitudes, a nonclassical entity corresponding to different yet indistinguishable alternative ways of triggering a joint-detection event. This talk will explore and analyze the quantum nature of ghost imaging. It is true that classical challenges have never stopped. Quantum? Classical? A hot debate is currently focused on ghost imaging. This talk will defend the quantum mechanical point of view.