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Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics

On the Phase Diagram of the 1D Hubbard Model

R. O. Zaǐtsev

Published Dec 1, 2019• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract The conditions for the emergence of inhomogeneous states are investigated from analysis of the equation of state. It is assumed that Hubbard energy U > t, i.e., corresponds to the conditions of strong electron–electron correlations. The magnetic phase diagram is obtained in a wide range of electron concentrations corresponding to the lower Hubbard band.

DOI
10.1134/s1063776119110190

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Abstract The conditions for the emergence of inhomogeneous states are investigated from analysis of the equation of state. It is assumed that Hubbard energy U > t, i.e., corresponds to the conditions of strong electron–electron correlations. The magnetic phase diagram is obtained in a wide range of electron concentrations corresponding to the lower Hubbard band.
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The exact phase diagrams of the one-dimensional Hubbard model, both attractive and repulsive, in the presence of an arbitrary magnetic field h for various electron concentrations n and on-site interaction strengths U <0 or U >0 are calculated and investigated. The exact ground-state properties, namely, the ground-state energy, the average spin (magnetization), the concentration of the doubly occupied sites, the kinetic energy, the chemical potential, the spin (magnetic) susceptibility and the charge compressibility, are calculated and examined over a wide range of interaction strengths U for various h and n . It is found that the spin susceptibility at half-filling is non-analytic and changes discontinuously as U →0. The exact theory shows the absence of a charge energy gap in the U ⩽0 region for all n and provides, for the chemical potential, the rigorous upper and lower bounds for half-filled and empty bands respectively. The analytical results derived for the weak-coupling limit and asymptotic expansions for strong coupling are in full agreement with the numerical calculations.
[[abstract]]The phase diagram and thermodynamic properties of the Hubbard model in one dimension are calculated numerically within the generalized self-consistent approach over a wide range of temperature T, magnetic field h, interaction strength U/t and electron concentration n. The temperature variation of the transverse magnetization, double occupied sites and chemical potential at various n, U/t and h is also analyzed. The wave vector q for the magnetic order parameter in the vicinity of the half-filling in the metallic phase shows a crossover from incommensurate magnetic phase (0 < q < pi) into the state with strong antiferromagnetic correlations (q = pi) as temperature is increased. Overall our numerical results in the approximate theory at finite temperatures are in good quantitative and qualitative agreement with the Bethe-ansatz results.
A state-of-the-art review is given of the investigations of the Hubbard model, which is the main model used in the theory of strongly correlated electron systems. It is shown how the main correlation effects — the metal–insulator phase transition, the appearance of localised magnetic moments, and the breakdown of the Fermi-liquid behaviour — appear in the case of strong electron correlations when U ~ W, where U is the Coulomb repulsion parameter and W is the band width. Different approaches to the problem, not based on perturbation theory in terms of the parameter U/W or W/U, are presented. A new method in the theory of strongly correlated systems, in which the limit of infinite number of dimensions of space, d = ∞, is the main feature of the review. The physical results obtained by this approach are compared with those deduced by traditional methods. An overview of the behaviour of strongly correlated systems is given for wide ranges of the model parameters U and W, and of the electron density n.
The exact phase diagram and the ground-state properties of the one-dimensional Hubbard model with arbitrary on-site interaction of electrons are calculated over a wide range of magnetic field and electron concentrations by means of the Bethe-ansatz formalism. The ground-state properties, including the total energy, the average spin (magnetization) and spin (magnetic) susceptibility are investigated for both signs of the interaction strength U/t. The critical behavior near the onset of magnetization and magnetic saturation are also analyzed. At the onset of magnetization and near the magnetic saturation the spin susceptibility χ diverges at all U/t for half-filling case n=1, whereas for n≠1 it is always finite. The reverse susceptibility χ-1(U) exhibits anomalous hump, which increases with h or n, and shows discontinuity as U/t→±0 at infinitesimal h→0. The analytical results for the ground-state properties in strong and weak interaction limits are in full agreement with our numerical calculations.