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Theory of Quantum Entanglement of Intra-Cavity Photons Produced by a Non-Degenerate Parametric Oscillator (Ndpo):

Tamirat Abebe, Nebiyu Gemechu, Milkessa Gebeyehu

Published Jan 1, 2019• 0 citations
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Abstract

The von-Neumann entropy (VNE), usually expressed in terms of the density operator, isthe mathematical tool to measure the degree of entanglement of a bi-partite system.Applying the solutions of the quantum Langevin equations, the anti-normally orderedcharacteristic function of the intra-cavity photons produced by a non-degenerateparametric oscillator could be calculated. With the help of the resulting characteristicfunction, the Q- function which is then used to calculate the entanglement of the intra-cavity photons using VNE is determined. Moreover, the photon number distribution, themean photon number, the normalized second order correlation function, the intensitydifference, and quadrature variance for the intra-cavity photons produced by a non-degenerate parametric oscillator coupled to a two-mode squeezed vacuum reservoir isdetermined. It was found that when the squeeze parameter increases the entanglement alsoincreases. These show that the entropy entanglement has a direct relation with squeezing.

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Theory of Quantum Entanglement of Intra-Cavity Photons Produced by a Non-Degenerate Parametric Oscillator (Ndpo): Semi-Classical Approach

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The von-Neumann entropy (VNE), usually expressed in terms of the density operator, is the mathematical tool to measure the degree of entanglement of a bi-partite system. Applying the solutions of the quantum Langevin equations, the anti-normally ordered characteristic function of the intra-cavity photons produced by a non-degenerate parametric oscillator could be calculated. With the help of the resulting characteristic function, the Q- function which is then used to calculate the entanglement of the intracavity photons using VNE is determined. Moreover, the photon number distribution, the mean photon number, the normalized second order correlation function, the intensity difference, and quadrature variance for the intra-cavity photons produced by a nondegenerate parametric oscillator coupled to a two-mode squeezed vacuum reservoir is determined. It was found that when the squeeze parameter increases the entanglement also increases. These show that the entropy entanglement has a direct relation with squeezing.Keywords:Entanglement, Mean photon number, Parametric down conversion, Q-function

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Indian Journal of Advanced Physics•Apr 15, 2023•0 citations
The von-Neumann entropy (VNE), usually expressed in terms of the density operator, isthe mathematical tool to measure the degree of entanglement of a bi-partite system.Applying the solutions of the quantum Langevin equations, the anti-normally orderedcharacteristic function of the intra-cavity photons produced by a non-degenerateparametric oscillator could be calculated. With the help of the resulting characteristicfunction, the Q- function which is then used to calculate the entanglement of the intra-cavity photons using VNE is determined. Moreover, the photon number distribution, themean photon number, the normalized second order correlation function, the intensitydifference, and quadrature variance for the intra-cavity photons produced by a non-degenerate parametric oscillator coupled to a two-mode squeezed vacuum reservoir isdetermined. It was found that when the squeeze parameter increases the entanglement alsoincreases. These show that the entropy entanglement has a direct relation with squeezing.
The von-Neumann entropy (VNE), usually expressed in terms of the density operator, is the mathematical tool to measure the degree of entanglement of a bi-partite system. Applying the solutions of the quantum Langevin equations, the anti-normally ordered characteristic function of the intra-cavity photons produced by a non-degenerate parametric oscillator could be calculated. With the help of the resulting characteristic function, the Q- function which is then used to calculate the entanglement of the intracavity photons using VNE is determined. Moreover, the photon number distribution, the mean photon number, the normalized second order correlation function, the intensity difference, and quadrature variance for the intra-cavity photons produced by a nondegenerate parametric oscillator coupled to a two-mode squeezed vacuum reservoir is determined. It was found that when the squeeze parameter increases the entanglement also increases. These show that the entropy entanglement has a direct relation with squeezing.Keywords:Entanglement, Mean photon number, Parametric down conversion, Q-function
The quantum properties of a non-degenerate three-level laser with the parametric amplifier and coupled to a thermal reservoir are thoroughly analyzed with the use of the pertinent master equation and stochastic differential equations associated with the normal ordering. Applying solutions of resulting differential equations, quadrature variance, the mean and variance of photon number, the photon number correlation are calculated. However, the two-mode driving light has no effect on the squeezing properties of the cavity modes. Employing the same solutions, one can also obtain anti normally ordered characteristic function defined in the Heisenberg picture. For a linear gain coefficient of (A = 100), for a cavity damping constant of K= 0:8, μ = 0.16 and for thermal reservoir nth = 0, the maximum intra cavity photon entanglement is found at steady state and at threshold to be 70%.
The quantum properties of a non-degenerate three-level laser with the parametric amplifier and coupled to a thermal reservoir are thoroughly analyzed with the use of the pertinent master equation and stochastic differential equations associated with the normal ordering. Applying solutions of resulting differential equations, quadrature variance, the mean and variance of photon number, the photon number correlation are calculated. However, the two-mode driving light has no effect on the squeezing properties of the cavity modes. Employing the same solutions, one can also obtain anti normally ordered characteristic function defined in the Heisenberg picture. For a linear gain coefficient of (A = 100), for a cavity damping constant of K= 0:8, µ = 0 and for thermal reservoir th = 0, the maximum intra cavity photon entanglement is found at steady state and at threshold to be 60%.
In this paper we have studied the squeezing and entanglement properties of the cavity light generated by a three-level laser. In this quantum optical system, N three-level atoms available in an open cavity, coupled to a two-mode vacuum reservoir, are pumped to the top level by means of electron bombardment at constant rate. Applying the solutions of the equations of evolution for the expectation values of the atomic operators and the quantum Langevin equations for the cavity mode operators, we have calculated the mean, variance of the photon number, the quadrature squeezing, entanglement amplification as well as the normalized second-order correlation function for the cavity light. In addition, we have shown that the presence of the spontaneous emission process leads to a decrease in the mean and variance of the photon number. We have observed that the two-mode cavity light is in a squeezed state and the squeezing occurs in the minus quadrature. In addition, we have found that the effect of the vacuum reservoir noise is to increase the photon-number variance and to decrease the quadrature squeezing of the cavity light. However, the vacuum reservoir noise does not have any effect on the mean photon number. Moreover, the maximum quadrature squeezing of the light generated by the laser, operating far below threshold, is found to be below the vacuum-state level. In addition, our result indicates that the quadrature squeezing is greater for than that for for 0.01 < < 0.35 and is smaller for than that for for 0.35 < < 1. We have also noted that the squeezing and entanglement in the two-mode light are directly related. As a result, an increase in the degree of squeezing directly leads to an increase in the degree of entanglement and vice versa. This shows that, whenever there is squeezing in the two-mode light, there exists an entanglement in the system.
In this article we study squeezing and statistical properties of light producing by a non-degenerate three-level laser with the parametric amplifier and coupled to a thermal reservoir. With the aid of master equation, we obtain stochastic differential equations. Applying solutions of resulting differential equations, we calculate quadrature variance, the mean and variance of photon number, the photon number correlation. However, the two-mode driving light has no effect on the squeezing properties of the cavity modes. On the other hand, parametric amplifier and thermal reservoir increase the mean and variance of photon number. Furthermore, employing the same solutions, we also obtain anti normally ordered characteristic function defined in the Heisenberg picture. For a linear gain coefficient of (A = 100), for a cavity damping constant of K= 0:8,μ = 0 and for thermal reservoir ¯ nth = 0 ,the maximum intra cavity photon entanglement is found at steady state and at threshold to be 60%.