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Physics & Astronomy International Journal

Frequency modulation of an extended cavity diode laser for 2D raman cooling in a cesium clock

S. Ghezali, S. L. Rolston

Published Nov 28, 2017• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We used frequency modulation of an extended cavity master diode laser in an optical set-up for an atomic clock experiment at NIST. We modulated at low frequencies from 3.2GHz to 4.8GHz at different powers in order to generate sidebands at those frequencies to inject in laser beams which trap and cool cesium atoms in an atomic clock.
DOI
10.15406/paij.2017.01.00028

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By optical injection of an 852-nm extended-cavity diode laser (master laser) to lock the + 1-order sideband of a ~9-GHz-current-modulated diode laser (slave laser), we generate a pair of phase-locked lasers with a frequency difference up to ~9-GHz for a cesium (Cs) magneto-optical trap (MOT) with convenient tuning capability. For a cesium MOT, the master laser acts as repumping laser, locked to the Cs 6S₁/₂ (F = 3) - 6P₃/₂ (F' = 4) transition. When the + 1-order sideband of the 8.9536-GHz-current-modulated slave laser is optically injection-locked, the carrier operates on the Cs 6S₁/₂ (F = 4) - 6P₃/₂ (F' = 5) cooling cycle transition with -12 MHz detuning and acts as cooling/trapping laser. When carrying a 9.1926-GHz modulation signal, this phase-locked laser system can be applied in the fields of coherent population trapping and coherent manipulation of Cs atomic ground states.
We produced two Raman-laser beams with a frequency offset of 9.2 GHz by injection-locking of a master diode-laser to a slave diode-laser. The master laser was phase-modulated at 9.2 GHz while the laser beam passed through an electrooptic modulator. The phase-modulated beam was injected into the slave laser that was oscillating around one of the side-bands of the master laser. The relative linewidth of the two lasers was less than 10 Hz. Using these laser beams, coherent population trapping resonance of cesium atoms was observed for the purpose of testing the phase-coherence of the laser beams.
Two phase-coherent Raman laser beams with a frequency offset of 6.835 GHz were generated by sideband injection-locking technique. A master diode laser was phase-modulated at 6.835 GHz by a fiber electro-optic modulator. A slave diode was injection-locked to the -1 sideband of the phase-modulated beam, and another diode was locked to the master laser carrier. This method produced stable and spatially separated Raman lasers with a large frequency shift range (>180 MHz). The relative linewidth of these two beams was ∼1 Hz, and the unwanted carrier mode was suppressed down to -24 dB. Stimulated Raman transitions and Ramsey fringes were driven by Raman lasers in a cold atomic beam.
We have cooled and stopped a beam of cesium atoms using frequency chirped diode lasers. In this technique, a moving atom absorbs and reemits many photons from a counter propagating laser that is frequency swept to keep it in resonance with an atomic transition. The resulting momentum transfer slows the atom. The basic approach is identical to that developed by Hall and co-workers, however, the use of diode lasers allows us to obtain the necessary frequency modulation simply by sweeping the laser injection current. We use two diode lasers tuned to each of the 6s hyperfine ground state levels to drive the 6s—6p3/2 transitions. Each laser is simultaneously swept over the Doppler profile of the 100°C thermal cesium beam to bring a substantial number to a stop. Using additional fast frequency modulation, the same lasers are used to probe the resulting velocity distribution. This technique allows us to bring ~106 atoms/cm3 to a temperature of 1 K. This method is an extremely simple and inexpensive way to produce cold atoms.
The results of two experiments involving the rapid frequency modulation of diode lasers are presented. In the first experiment, a cesium beam of 10('14) atoms/sec is produced with more than 98% of the atoms in a single spin state. The beam is polarized by optically pumping it with a single diode laser whose frequency is switched between the 6s(F = 4)-6p(,3/2)(F = 5) and 6s(F = 3)-6p(,3/2)(F = 4) transitions at 100 kHz. To do this, the frequency response of a diode laser to changes in injection current was first determined and the injection current modified to force a jump of 9.2 GHz in 1.5 (mu)sec. The same laser is used to probe the atomic population distribution simultaneously. In the second experiment, two diode lasers, tuned to the 6s(F = 4)-6p(,3/2)(F = 5) and 6s(F = 3)-6p(,3/2)(F = 4) transitions, are used to cool and stop a beam of cesium atoms. The laser frequencies are swept to keep them in resonance with the slowing atoms. The same lasers are used to probe the resulting velocity distribution. More than 10('10) atoms/sec are slowed to a velocity of 0 (+OR-) 15 m/sec, corresponding to a temperature of 1(DEGREES)K. Both of these experiments demonstrate extremely simple and inexpensive ways to manipulate atomic cesium.