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Compact stable fibre-based optical frequency filter

Jonathan P. Hedger, Andre Nicholas Luiten, Ben M. Sparkes

Published Dec 30, 2019• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate a robust, stable and compact spectral filter for use in quantum optics experiments by implementing Fabry-Pérot resonators within optical fibre using pairs of fibre Bragg gratings. With only temperature stabilisation, these devices show less than 20 MHz frequency drift over 12 hours with a maximum suppression of roughly 35 dB and overall transmission of 75%. These characteristics make fibre Bragg grating Fabry-Pérot resonators ideal for quantum optics experiments where single photon-level signals must be efficiently filtered from large optical fields.

DOI
10.1117/12.2541243

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We demonstrate a robust, stable and compact spectral filter for use in quantum optics experiments by implementing Fabry-Pérot resonators within optical fibre using pairs of fibre Bragg gratings. With only temperature stabilisation, these devices show less than 20 MHz frequency drift over 12 hours with a maximum suppression of roughly 35 dB and overall transmission of 75%. These characteristics make fibre Bragg grating Fabry-Pérot resonators ideal for quantum optics experiments where single photon-level signals must be efficiently filtered from large optical fields.
Quantum optics experiments frequently require the separation of single-photon-level signals from strong classical fields. In circumstances in which the signals are spectrally close, and one cannot make use of relatively simple separation methods based around differences in polarization state, optical mode, or beam direction, it is necessary to exploit the frequency difference itself as the means for signal separation. We have constructed and characterized an efficient and robust fiber-based filter, consisting of an all-fiber Fabry-Perot resonator, to achieve this goal. Our filter shows 31dB of suppression of unwanted signals and 76% transmission of the desired signal. The transmission of the filter was stabilized to within 2% of its maximum for over 35hours through simple temperature stabilization.
Here, we present the thermal tuning capability of an alignment-free, fiber-integrated Fabry-Pérot cavity. The two mirrors are made of fiber Bragg gratings that can be individually temperature stabilized and tuned. We show the temperature tuning of the resonance wavelength of the cavity without any degradation of the finesse and the tuning of the individual stop bands of the fiber Bragg gratings. This not only permits for the cavity's finesse to be optimized post-fabrication but also makes this cavity applicable as a narrowband filter with a FWHM spectral width of 0.07 ± 0.02 pm and a suppression of more than -15 dB that can be wavelength tuned. Further, in the field of quantum optics, where strong light-matter interactions are desirable, quantum emitters can be coupled to such a cavity and the cavity effect can be reversibly omitted and re-established. This is particularly useful when working with solid-state quantum emitters where such a reference measurement is often not possible once an emitter has been permanently deposited inside a cavity.
The resolution of grating spectrometers is insufficient to resolve many features present in the emission spectra of solid-state quantum emitters. Spectral resolution may be improved by inserting a Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) whose length is tuned by a piezoelectric actuator. Yet piezo creep and thermal fluctuations cause instability that makes this solution unsuitable for measurement times longer than tens of seconds. To overcome this challenge, we employ active feedback derived from the Newton's rings interference pattern formed by the reflection of a single-frequency laser from the FPI cavity. The resulting FPI transmission frequency is stable to within 50 MHz over several hours.
This study addresses the issue of cross-interference that occurs when locked continuous light and signal photons are collinear during interferometer measurements. To tackle this, a temperature-controlled Fabry–Pérot cavity filter with a heterogeneous cascaded structure is proposed and applied. The system consists of six filtering stages, created by designing Fabry–Pérot cavities of three different lengths, each used twice (to match optical frequencies), along with temperature control settings. By applying differentiated linewidth regulation, the approach effectively suppresses interference from locked light while significantly enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio in photon detection. This method overcomes the challenge of interference from same-frequency noise photons in atomic ensemble-entangled sources, achieving a noise–photon extinction ratio on the order of 106 and surpassing the frequency resolution limit of a single filter. Experimental results demonstrate that the system reduces the noise floor in the detection optical path to below 10−16, while maintaining a photon transmission efficiency above 53% for the signal. This technology effectively addresses key challenges in noise suppression and photon state fidelity optimization in optical fiber quantum communication, offering a scalable frequency–photon noise filtering solution for long-distance quantum communication. Furthermore, its multi-parameter cooperative filtering mechanism holds broad potential applications in areas such as quantum storage and optical frequency combs.
By applying a high-reflectivity dielectric coating on both sides of a commercial plano-convex lens, we produce a stable monolithic Fabry-Perot cavity suitable for use as a narrow band filter in quantum optics experiments. The resonant frequency is selected by means of thermal expansion. Owing to the long term mechanical stability, no optical locking techniques are required. We characterize the cavity performance as an optical filter, obtaining a 45dB suppression of unwanted modes while maintaining a transmission of 60%.