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IEEE International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT)

Modeling and Security Analysis Method of Quantum Key Distribution Protocol Based on Colored Petri Nets

Xiaoming Yang, Jian Jiao, Yunmei Shi, Yong Liu

Published Oct 1, 2019• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

As the core of quantum communication, the security analysis of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) has always been a hot and difficult issue in the field of quantum communication. Aiming at the complicated and cumbersome problems existing in the current QKD protocol security analysis method, this paper proposes a formal analysis method based on colored Petri nets, and the Petri net model of BB84 protocol and B92 protocol is established by using this method. Man-in-the-middle attack is a common attack mode in quantum communication at present. We also use this method to model and analyze the man-in-the-middle attack. The experimental results show that BB84 and B92 protocols are as vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attack as any classical protocol without authentication.

DOI
10.1109/icct46805.2019.8947177

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As the core of quantum communication, the security analysis of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) has always been a hot and difficult issue in the field of quantum communication. Aiming at the complicated and cumbersome problems existing in the current QKD protocol security analysis method, this paper proposes a formal analysis method based on colored Petri nets, and the Petri net model of BB84 protocol and B92 protocol is established by using this method. Man-in-the-middle attack is a common attack mode in quantum communication at present. We also use this method to model and analyze the man-in-the-middle attack. The experimental results show that BB84 and B92 protocols are as vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attack as any classical protocol without authentication.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocols theo- retically propose a high-security level based on the advantages of quantum computing. This paper analyze the security level of one of the most well-known QKD protocols, BB84, against the man-in-the-middle attack strategy. Specifically, we leverage quantum entanglement to enhance communication security by the injection of a malicious photon in the middle of transmission. In the security analysis, we measure the variation in mutual information between the sender-receiver and sender-attacker to assess the protocol's resilience against potential attacks.
All traditional cryptographic algorithms used in the network communication environments, relied on mathematical models and computational assumptions, are actually unsafe and apt by many attackers (quantum and man-in-the-middle attacks). Therefore, nowadays Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) promises a secure key agreement by using quantum mechanical systems. QKD becomes a significant trend of new cryptographic revolution. This paper explains how cryptography exploits the quantum mechanics in order to achieve an encryption/decryption process. Additionally, this paper provides a standard simulation for QKD-BB84 protocol and describes improvement key generation and key distribution mechanisms. Then, validation, results and efficiency of BB84 protocol are presented using different security configurations. Finally, our results indicated that the QKD is susceptible to corporate with different security applications and achieve the key availability for such applications. However, it suffers from the higher rate of authentication cost.
Essential role of Internet-based communication is the security of information. Classical Cryptography is based on mathematical models and computational complexity to compute the secret key. It does not provide enough security because finding a fast method to calculate the secret key will compromise the security of the system. Quantum Key Distribution is one of the most promising methods which provide unconditional security. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) uses a quantum property in exchanging information called photons, as carriers of information in security systems, and QKD cannot separate from protocols BB84, B92 and BBM92. In this paper, we are testing the probability error comparison of BB84 protocol, B92 protocol, and BBM92 using QuVis simulator software. The results show that the B92 protocol is more relevant in detecting eavesdropping in lower error rates than the other two protocols.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) offers theoretically unbreakable key exchange, but is vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks if the identities of the communicating parties are not rigorously verified. This paper proposes a novel QKD protocol integrating classical authentication to provide a layered security approach. The core concept involves utilizing a QKD system alongside a robust classical authentication mechanism. This layered approach significantly reduces the risk of successful attacks by ensuring that both parties are who they claim to be before key exchange occurs. The protocol's security relies on the assumption that the classical authentication system is itself secure. We detail the protocol's components, focusing on the integration of Bennett-Brassard (BB84) or a similar QKD scheme with a practical authentication protocol, and analyze its security properties. The proposed system is designed to mitigate the threats posed by adversaries who can intercept and manipulate the quantum key exchange without compromising the authentication process. The potential for improved security and resilience is demonstrated, representing a significant advancement in the practical application of QKD.
Cryptography is crucial to protect sensitive data. Traditional cryptography relies on mathematical difficulty to secure valuable data against intruders. However, with the rise of quantum computers, these assumptions are threatened as quantum computers can process information much faster. The security models need to be upgraded to withstand quantum computers. RSA and ECC, two common asymmetric cryptosystems, have been upgraded using post-quantum cryptography (PQC). Another solution might be to leverage the principles of quantum mechanics to ensure secure communication. The most common application of quantum cryptography is quantum key distribution (QKD), which solves the key exchange problem using quantum physics, complementing conventional cryptographic techniques by enabling secure key generation, while classical methods remain necessary for authentication and protocol implementation. QKD is secure in theory, but practical implementations often differ from theory due to imperfect devices. An intruder can find loopholes and vulnerabilities to attack the QKD systems and jeopardize its security. In this thesis, current knowledge of these attacks has been reviewed and simulated on two different QKD protocols. The simulations highlight the importance of researching the attacks and implementing countermeasures.