New Experiments Call for a Continuous Absorption Alternative to Quantum Mechanics—The Unquantum Effect

Eric Stanley Reiter

A famous beam-split coincidence test of the photon model is described herein using gamma-rays instead of the usual visible light. A similar a new test was performed using alpha-rays. In both tests, coincidence rates greatly exceed chance, leading to an unquantum effect. In contradiction to quantum theory and the photon model, these new results are strong evidence of the long abandoned accumulation hypothesis, also known as the loading theory. Attention is drawn to assumptions applied to past key-experiments that led to quantum mechanics. The history of the loading theory is outlined, and a few equations for famous experiments are derived, now free of wave-particle duality. Quantum theory usually works because there is a subtle difference between quantized and thresholded absorption.

C. Ghirardi

Eric Stanley Reiter

After recognizing dubious assumptions regarding light detectors, a famous beam-split coincidence test of the photon model was performed with gamma-rays instead of visible light. A similar test was performed to split alpha-rays. Both tests are described in detail to justify conclusions. In both tests, coincidence rates greatly exceeded chance, leading to an unquantum effect. This is a strong experimental contradiction to quantum theory and photons. These new results are strong evidence of the long abandoned accumulation hypothesis, also known as the loading theory, and draw attention to assumptions applied to key past experiments that led to quantum mechanics. The history of the loading theory is outlined, including the loading theory of Planck's second theory of 1911. A popular incomplete version of the loading theory that convinced physics students to reject it is exposed. The loading theory is developed by deriving a wavelength equation similar to de Broglie's, from the photoelectric effect equation. The loading theory is applied to the photoelectric effect, Compton effect, and charge quantization, now free of wave-particle duality. It is unlikely that the loading theory can apply to recent claimed success of giant molecule multi-path interference/diffraction, and that claim is quantitatively challenged. All told, the evidence reduces quantized absorption to an illusion, due to quantized emission combined with newly identified properties of the matter-wave.

Solomon Budnik

Eric Stanley Reiter

We present a beam-split coincidence test of the photon model, previously done with visible light, now for the first time with gamma-rays. A similar new test is presented using alpha-rays. In both tests, coincidence rates greatly exceed chance, revealing the flaw of quantum mechanics. A newly formulated threshold model predicted these new tests and was used to derive equations for effects thought to require quantization. Quantization denies sub-quantum states that are allowed by the threshold model. The threshold model embraces Planck's second theory of 1911, where he used h as a maximum threshold. We extended Planck's theory by similarly treating e and m so that all three constants of the electron (h, e, m, for action, charge, mass respectively) are realized as maximum threshold-constants. We recognize ensemble effects, absent in spreading waves, for how we uncovered those constants. We then use ratios of those constants, like e/m = Qe/m , for the spreading wave. By quantizing the Q's and thresholding h, e, and m, a matter-wave can spread and load to a threshold upon absorption. Therefore, wave-function collapse is avoided. We also identify several false assumptions that made any form of classical model seem impossible. The difficulty of realizing an experimental distinction between thresholds and quanta is why quantum mechanics maintained such a strong illusion. ER 5, 21, 2021.