We present a beam-split coincidence test of the photon model, previously done with visible light, now for the first time with gamma-rays. A similar new test is presented using alpha-rays. In both tests, coincidence rates greatly exceed chance, revealing the flaw of quantum mechanics. A newly formulated threshold model predicted these new tests and was used to derive equations for effects thought to require quantization. Quantization denies sub-quantum states that are allowed by the threshold model. The threshold model embraces Planck's second theory of 1911, where he used h as a maximum threshold. We extended Planck's theory by similarly treating e and m so that all three constants of the electron (h, e, m, for action, charge, mass respectively) are realized as maximum threshold-constants. We recognize ensemble effects, absent in spreading waves, for how we uncovered those constants. We then use ratios of those constants, like e/m = Qe/m , for the spreading wave. By quantizing the Q's and thresholding h, e, and m, a matter-wave can spread and load to a threshold upon absorption. Therefore, wave-function collapse is avoided. We also identify several false assumptions that made any form of classical model seem impossible. The difficulty of realizing an experimental distinction between thresholds and quanta is why quantum mechanics maintained such a strong illusion. ER 5, 21, 2021.
We present a beam-split coincidence test of the photon model, previously done with visible light, now for the first time with gamma-rays. A similar new test is presented using alpha-rays. In both tests, coincidence rates greatly exceed chance, revealing the flaw of quantum mechanics. A newly formulated threshold model predicted these new tests and was used to derive equations for effects thought to require quantization. Quantization denies sub-quantum states that are allowed by the threshold model. The threshold model embraces Planck's second theory of 1911, where he used h as a maximum threshold. We extended Planck's theory by similarly treating e and m so that all three constants of the electron (h, e, m, for action, charge, mass respectively) are realized as maximum threshold-constants. We recognize ensemble effects, absent in spreading waves, for how we uncovered those constants. We then use ratios of those constants, like e/m = Qe/m , for the spreading wave. By quantizing the Q's and thresholding h, e, and m, a matter-wave can spread and load to a threshold upon absorption. Therefore, wave-function collapse is avoided. We also identify several false assumptions that made any form of classical model seem impossible. The difficulty of realizing an experimental distinction between thresholds and quanta is why quantum mechanics maintained such a strong illusion. ER 5, 21, 2021.
We present a beam-split coincidence test of the photon model, previously done with visible light, now for the first time with gamma-rays. A similar new test is presented using alpha-rays. In both tests, coincidence rates greatly exceed chance, revealing the flaw of quantum mechanics. A newly formulated threshold model predicted these new tests and was used to derive equations for effects thought to require quantization. Quantization denies sub-quantum states that are allowed by the threshold model. The threshold model embraces Planck's second theory of 1911, where he used h as a maximum threshold. We extended Planck's theory by similarly treating e and m so that all three constants of the electron (h, e, m, for action, charge, mass respectively) are realized as maximum threshold-constants. We recognize ensemble effects, absent in spreading waves, for how we uncovered those constants. We then use ratios of those constants, like e/m = Qe/m , for the spreading wave. By quantizing the Q's and thresholding h, e, and m, a matter-wave can spread and load to a threshold upon absorption. Therefore, wave-function collapse is avoided. We also identify several false assumptions that made any form of classical model seem impossible. The difficulty of realizing an experimental distinction between thresholds and quanta is why quantum mechanics maintained such a strong illusion. ER 7, 21, 2020.
We present a beam-split coincidence test of the photon model, previously done with visible light, now performed for the first time with gamma-rays. A similar new test is presented using alpha-rays. In both tests, coincidence rates greatly exceed chance, revealing the flaw of quantum mechanics (QM). A newly formulated threshold model predicted this flaw of QM. We use our threshold model to derive equations for effects thought to require conventional quantization. Conventional quantization denies sub-quantum states that are allowed by the threshold model. Our threshold model embraces Planck's second theory of 1911, where he used h as a maximum. We extended Planck's theory by similarly treating e and m so that all three constants of the electron (h, e, m, for action, charge, mass respectively) are realized as maximum threshold-constants. We then use ratios of those constants, like e/m = Qe/m , for the spreading wave. By quantizing the Q's and thresholding h, e, and m, a matter-wave can spread and load to a threshold upon absorption. Therefore, wave-function collapse is avoided. The quantum disconuity is still present. However our two-for-one effect in our experiments identify a pre-loaded state. Such a pre-loaded state reveals that a loading to a threshold is at play instead of a spooky wave-function collapse. We also identify several false assumptions that made any alternative to QM doomed to fail in experiments designed to reveal the distinction. The difficulty of realizing an experimental distinction between an inside-out threshold and quantization is why quantum mechanics maintained such a strong illusion. ER 5, 21, 2021.
The unknown mechanism of wave-function collapse is called the measurement problem. The problem is best portrayed by a beam-split coincidence test, usually performed with visible light. The notion that energy conservation requires quantization is challenged by considering new beam-split tests and a threshold model (TM). An analysis of pulse heights in detectors for visible light concludes that their pulse height distribution is too broad to make the quantum/threshold distinction. This is because TM recognizes a preloaded state, understood in the loading theories of Planck, Debye, and Millikan, but usually unrecognized. The narrow pulse height distribution of gamma-ray detectors overcomes this detector problem. In addition, a source of singly emitted radiation is required for these beam-split tests. To assure a singly emitted source, the well-known true-coincidence test from nuclear physics is far more reliable than any test with visible light. One of my many successful beam-split coincidence tests with gamma-rays is described revealing the failure of quantum mechanics. After plotting the times between photoelectric effect pulses from the two detectors and comparing to accidental chance, I report a seemingly two-for-one effect that contradicts a photon kind of energy conservation. My similar tests performed with alpha-rays also contradict quantum mechanics. To explain how matter can load up, I hypothesize that our electron constants h, e, and m are maxima. Simple conserved ratios of these constants h/m, e/m, h/e, seen in equations involving electron beams, can explain how charge waves can spread, yet accumulate to measurable threshold values h, e, m, upon absorption to convey particle-like effects.
After recognizing dubious assumptions regarding light detectors, a famous beam-split coincidence test of the photon model was performed with gamma-rays instead of visible light. A similar test was performed to split alpha-rays. Both tests are described in detail to justify conclusions. In both tests, coincidence rates greatly exceeded chance, leading to an unquantum effect. This is a strong experimental contradiction to quantum theory and photons. These new results are strong evidence of the long abandoned accumulation hypothesis, also known as the loading theory, and draw attention to assumptions applied to key past experiments that led to quantum mechanics. The history of the loading theory is outlined, including the loading theory of Planck's second theory of 1911. A popular incomplete version of the loading theory that convinced physics students to reject it is exposed. The loading theory is developed by deriving a wavelength equation similar to de Broglie's, from the photoelectric effect equation. The loading theory is applied to the photoelectric effect, Compton effect, and charge quantization, now free of wave-particle duality. It is unlikely that the loading theory can apply to recent claimed success of giant molecule multi-path interference/diffraction, and that claim is quantitatively challenged. All told, the evidence reduces quantized absorption to an illusion, due to quantized emission combined with newly identified properties of the matter-wave.
A famous beam-split coincidence test of the photon model is described herein using gamma-rays instead of the usual visible light. A similar a new test was performed using alpha-rays. In both tests, coincidence rates greatly exceed chance, leading to an unquantum effect. In contradiction to quantum theory and the photon model, these new results are strong evidence of the long abandoned accumulation hypothesis, also known as the loading theory. Attention is drawn to assumptions applied to past key-experiments that led to quantum mechanics. The history of the loading theory is outlined, and a few equations for famous experiments are derived, now free of wave-particle duality. Quantum theory usually works because there is a subtle difference between quantized and thresholded absorption.
In a thought experiment, Einstein proposed that a single light quantum (photon) would go one way or another at a beam-splitter. Here, newly described beam-split tests of the photon implement gamma-rays from spontaneous decay of 109Cd and 57Co, whereby a single primary gamma-ray splits and is detected in coincidence in two detectors. The experimental coincidence rates are found to substantially exceed the chance coincidence rate. These results directly violate the quantum mechanical probabilistic model of light, and indirectly violate the concept of quantized charge. These are full-height pulses, characteristic of the chosen gamma under study. To help understand how all this can possibly be true, I have identified conceptual and experimental flaws in previous works, and have developed the long abandoned loading theory. This developed loading theory avoids wave-particle duality by thresholds, a pre-loaded state, and by having electromagnetic energy emitted quantized but absorbed continuously. By forcing a choice between conservation of energy and photons, the experimental results spell the long overdue death of the photon. ______________________________