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The Rochester Conferences on Coherence and Quantum Optics and the Quantum Information and Measurement meeting

Quantum Correlations in the Stokes-anti-Stokes Raman Scattering: Photonic Cooper Pairs

Filomeno Soares de Aguiar Júnior, Ado Jório, Carlos Henrique Monken, Marcelo França Santos, Belita Koller, André Saraiva, Reinaldo de Melo e Souza

Published Jan 1, 2019• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Photons can interact with each other in condensed matter by exchanging virtual phonons, via instantaneous Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman scattering. We study this phenomenon and its analogy to the formation of Cooper pairs in superconductivity.
DOI
10.1364/cqo.2019.w2b.1

Related papers

Quantum correlations in the Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman scattering: the photonic counterparts of Cooper pairs

Filomeno Soares de Aguiar Júnior

The correlated Raman scattering, referred to here as the SaS process, occurs with the annihilation, within a material, of two photons of an excitation laser and the creation of a quantum correlated Stokes (S) and anti-Soktes (aS) photon pair where the phonon created in the S process is annihilated in the aS scattering. We found that, in addition to real SaS process where the energy exchange coincides with the energy of a vibrational state of the material, there is also the virtual SaS process, whose the exchange of energy and momentum between the photons of the laser, generating the S-aS photon pair, is mediated by a virtual vibrational excitation, setting up a photon-photon interaction similar to the electron-electron attraction responsible for the creation of Cooper pairs of the BCS theory of superconductivity. We observed the SaS process in transparent media in general, by measuring non-classical values of the normalized second-order cross-correlation function of the Stokes and anti-Stokes fields, 2(0). In diamond, we characterize the intensity of the virtual SaS scattering ( ) as a function of the virtual phonon energy, proving that the SaS process occurs only when the photon-photon interaction is attractive, as in the BCS theory for the Cooper pairs. We show that photons S and aS from the SaS process are scattered predominantly in the same polarization as the excitation laser of the sample and, with this, we implemented the pump-probe technique to study the lifetime of the real phonon (obtained in the diamond order 2.8 ps ) and the lifetime of the virtual excitation, which proved to be inferior to the temporal resolution of the measurement’s, characterizing one of the main differences between the two processes. We also observed that, due to the relations of energy and momentum conservation, have the same spatial intensity profile of the non-interacting laser that crosses the sample, different from the behavior observed for uncorrelated Raman scattering which spreads photons in all directions. We observed that the efficiency of the SaS scattering is proportional to the Raman scattering cross-section when we compare the process in different hydrocarbons and we generalize the observations made in the diamond to the sample of liquid decane. In water, the values of 2(0), predicted by the theoretical description of the process, corroborate the experimental data, validating the BCS theory for virtual SaS scattering, setting the pair of Stokes and anti-Stokes photons as counterparts of the Cooper pairs.

•Nov 25, 2020•0 citations

Lifetime and polarization for real and virtual correlated Stokes-anti-Stokes Raman scattering in diamond

Filomeno Soares de Aguiar Júnior, Marcelo França Santos, Carlos Henrique Monken +1 more

The correlation between the Stokes and anti-Stokes components of Raman scattering has assumed an important role in the field of quantum information. When the Raman shifts match the energy of a phonon in the material, in the real-SaS, one-phonon Fock state are generated. When such resonance is not achieved, the energy exchange is mediated by virtual phonons, generating photonic Cooper pairs (PCPs). In this work, investigations of polarization correlations and scattering time dependences elucidate the fundamental difference between the real and the virtual phenomena.

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Stokes–anti-Stokes correlated photon properties akin to photonic Cooper pairs

Filomeno Soares de Aguiar Júnior, André Saraiva, Marcelo França Santos +6 more

Photons interact in condensed matter through the same mechanism that forms Cooper pairs in superconductors. The production rate depends on the energy shifts, which in the BCS theory determines whether interaction is attractive or repulsive. Only correlated photons in the case of attractive interactions are observed. While traditional photon-phonon collisions scatter light in all directions, the correlated photons follow the same path as the noninteracting laser. The observed phenomenon is rare, but the authors indicate paths to achieve higher interaction energies.

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Correlação Stokes-anti-Stokes no espalhamento Raman de líquidos transparentes

Arthur Patrocínio Pena

In this work, the Stokes-anti-Stokes¿ time-correlation phenomena was studied. The timecorrelated scattering process occurs when the same vibrational quantum from a material participates in the Stokes and anti-Stokes photon generation process in the inelastic scattering of light. We demonstrate that the SaS phenomenon occurs in different bands of the Raman spectra, from different transparent liquid materials. The observation of time-correlated SaS pairs in energy bands out of the resonance region indicates the possibility of energy exchange between photons via virtual phonons, which allows drawing a parallel with the Cooper pair formation phenomenon for electrons, from the BCS superconductivity theory. In this dissertation, we discuss the fundamentals of the theory and the instrumentation related to the concepts about the discussed phenomena, as well as demonstrate that the rate of SaS pair formation exhibits a linear relation with the supertransparency gap, concept brought from the BCS superconductivity theory.

•Mar 15, 2018•0 citations

Photonic Counterparts of Cooper Pairs

André Saraiva, Filomeno Soares de Aguiar Júnior, Reinaldo de Melo e Souza +5 more

The microscopic theory of superconductivity raised the disruptive idea that electrons couple through the elusive exchange of virtual phonons, overcoming the strong Coulomb repulsion to form Cooper pairs. Light is also known to interact with atomic vibrations, as, for example, in the Raman effect. We show that photon pairs exchange virtual vibrations in transparent media, leading to an effective photon-photon interaction identical to that for electrons in the BCS theory of superconductivity, in spite of the fact that photons are bosons. In this scenario, photons may exchange energy without matching a quantum of vibration of the medium. As a result, pair correlations for photons scattered away from the Raman resonances are expected to be enhanced. An experimental demonstration of this effect is provided here by time-correlated Raman measurements in different media. The experimental data confirm our theoretical interpretation of a photonic Cooper pairing, without the need for any fitting parameters.

arXiv:1709.04520•Physical Review Letters•Nov 9, 2017•39 citations

Physical Properties of Photonic Cooper Pairs Generated via Correlated Stokes–anti‐Stokes Raman Scattering

Filomeno Soares de Aguiar Júnior, Carlos Henrique Monken, Marcelo França Santos +4 more

The theoretical and experimental background for the creation of photonic Cooper pairs (PCPs) via correlated Stokes–anti‐Stokes Raman scattering is introduced, followed by experimental results on the second‐order photon time correlation g2(0) in diamond. It is shown how g2(0) changes with energy (Stokes–anti‐Stokes Raman shift), momentum (scattering angle) and excitation laser power. Both real and virtual phonon‐mediated scattering processes are addressed.

physica status solidi (b)•Jun 11, 2019•6 citations
The correlated Raman scattering, referred to here as the SaS process, occurs with the annihilation, within a material, of two photons of an excitation laser and the creation of a quantum correlated Stokes (S) and anti-Soktes (aS) photon pair where the phonon created in the S process is annihilated in the aS scattering. We found that, in addition to real SaS process where the energy exchange coincides with the energy of a vibrational state of the material, there is also the virtual SaS process, whose the exchange of energy and momentum between the photons of the laser, generating the S-aS photon pair, is mediated by a virtual vibrational excitation, setting up a photon-photon interaction similar to the electron-electron attraction responsible for the creation of Cooper pairs of the BCS theory of superconductivity. We observed the SaS process in transparent media in general, by measuring non-classical values of the normalized second-order cross-correlation function of the Stokes and anti-Stokes fields, 2(0). In diamond, we characterize the intensity of the virtual SaS scattering ( ) as a function of the virtual phonon energy, proving that the SaS process occurs only when the photon-photon interaction is attractive, as in the BCS theory for the Cooper pairs. We show that photons S and aS from the SaS process are scattered predominantly in the same polarization as the excitation laser of the sample and, with this, we implemented the pump-probe technique to study the lifetime of the real phonon (obtained in the diamond order 2.8 ps ) and the lifetime of the virtual excitation, which proved to be inferior to the temporal resolution of the measurement’s, characterizing one of the main differences between the two processes. We also observed that, due to the relations of energy and momentum conservation, have the same spatial intensity profile of the non-interacting laser that crosses the sample, different from the behavior observed for uncorrelated Raman scattering which spreads photons in all directions. We observed that the efficiency of the SaS scattering is proportional to the Raman scattering cross-section when we compare the process in different hydrocarbons and we generalize the observations made in the diamond to the sample of liquid decane. In water, the values of 2(0), predicted by the theoretical description of the process, corroborate the experimental data, validating the BCS theory for virtual SaS scattering, setting the pair of Stokes and anti-Stokes photons as counterparts of the Cooper pairs.
The correlation between the Stokes and anti-Stokes components of Raman scattering has assumed an important role in the field of quantum information. When the Raman shifts match the energy of a phonon in the material, in the real-SaS, one-phonon Fock state are generated. When such resonance is not achieved, the energy exchange is mediated by virtual phonons, generating photonic Cooper pairs (PCPs). In this work, investigations of polarization correlations and scattering time dependences elucidate the fundamental difference between the real and the virtual phenomena.
Photons interact in condensed matter through the same mechanism that forms Cooper pairs in superconductors. The production rate depends on the energy shifts, which in the BCS theory determines whether interaction is attractive or repulsive. Only correlated photons in the case of attractive interactions are observed. While traditional photon-phonon collisions scatter light in all directions, the correlated photons follow the same path as the noninteracting laser. The observed phenomenon is rare, but the authors indicate paths to achieve higher interaction energies.
In this work, the Stokes-anti-Stokes¿ time-correlation phenomena was studied. The timecorrelated scattering process occurs when the same vibrational quantum from a material participates in the Stokes and anti-Stokes photon generation process in the inelastic scattering of light. We demonstrate that the SaS phenomenon occurs in different bands of the Raman spectra, from different transparent liquid materials. The observation of time-correlated SaS pairs in energy bands out of the resonance region indicates the possibility of energy exchange between photons via virtual phonons, which allows drawing a parallel with the Cooper pair formation phenomenon for electrons, from the BCS superconductivity theory. In this dissertation, we discuss the fundamentals of the theory and the instrumentation related to the concepts about the discussed phenomena, as well as demonstrate that the rate of SaS pair formation exhibits a linear relation with the supertransparency gap, concept brought from the BCS superconductivity theory.
The microscopic theory of superconductivity raised the disruptive idea that electrons couple through the elusive exchange of virtual phonons, overcoming the strong Coulomb repulsion to form Cooper pairs. Light is also known to interact with atomic vibrations, as, for example, in the Raman effect. We show that photon pairs exchange virtual vibrations in transparent media, leading to an effective photon-photon interaction identical to that for electrons in the BCS theory of superconductivity, in spite of the fact that photons are bosons. In this scenario, photons may exchange energy without matching a quantum of vibration of the medium. As a result, pair correlations for photons scattered away from the Raman resonances are expected to be enhanced. An experimental demonstration of this effect is provided here by time-correlated Raman measurements in different media. The experimental data confirm our theoretical interpretation of a photonic Cooper pairing, without the need for any fitting parameters.