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IEEE International Conference on Smart Communities: Improving Quality of Life using AI, Robotics and IoT (HONET)

Enhanced Double Random Phase Encoding Systems with Multi-Wavelength Interferometry techniques

Ramirez-Andrade Ana Hiza, Rosario Porras-Aguilar, Konstantinos Falaggis

Published Oct 1, 2019• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Double Random Phase Encoding (DRPE) systems are prone to plain signal and Dirac delta attacks. A recently proposed modular arithmetic based DRPE system has been shown to mitigate this significant weakness, by introducing a time-varying impulse response that is unknown to the receiver. This prevents the attacker characterizing the DRPE system, even if the attacker has access to the encryption unit. In this work, we show that when using specific decryption techniques that are borrowed from the area of Multi-wavelength interferometry, the amount of time-varying noise can be arbitrarily high, provided there is a correlation in the fractional ratios. Simulations shows that the generated noise-like encrypted images have an entropy is near the theoretical limit.

DOI
10.1109/honet.2019.8907955

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Double Random Phase Encoding (DRPE) systems are prone to plain signal and Dirac delta attacks. A recently proposed modular arithmetic based DRPE system has been shown to mitigate this significant weakness, by introducing a time-varying impulse response that is unknown to the receiver. This prevents the attacker characterizing the DRPE system, even if the attacker has access to the encryption unit. In this work, we show that when using specific decryption techniques that are borrowed from the area of Multi-wavelength interferometry, the amount of time-varying noise can be arbitrarily high, provided there is a correlation in the fractional ratios. Simulations shows that the generated noise-like encrypted images have an entropy is near the theoretical limit.
This Letter proposes an optical encryption technique that disguises the information with modular arithmetic concepts and time-varying noise components that are unknown to the receiver. Optical encryption systems that use these techniques produce a nondeterministic system response, as well as noise like image data that can easily be generated with ordinary spatial light modulators. The principle of this technique is demonstrated for the double random phase encoding (DRPE) method. The conventional DRPE method has major vulnerabilities for Dirac signal and plain signal attacks, making them impractical for secure encryption. It is shown that the proposed encryption technique provides a robustness against these types of attacks, allowing optical DRPE to be employed in secure encryptions. Moreover, applications of this Letter are not limited to DRPE alone but can also be adopted by other optical encryption techniques such as fractional Fourier transform and Fresnel-transform-based techniques.
In recent years, various studies have been conducted to illustrate the vulnerability of double random phase encoding (DRPE). In this paper, we propose a novel method via phase reservation and compression to enhance DRPE security. Only a compressed phase distribution is available in the CCD plane, and the amplitude component is not available or requested for optical decryption. Since only noise-like distributions can be obtained by using the correct security keys during optical decryption, a nonlinear correlation algorithm is further applied for authenticating the decrypted image. It is demonstrated that valid conditions for attack algorithms are broken and high security can be achieved for the DRPE system.
Although initial research shows that double-random phase encoding (DRPE) is vulnerable to known-plaintext attacks that use phase retrieval algorithms, subsequent research has shown that phase-only DRPE, in which the Fourier amplitude component of an image encrypted with classical DRPE remains constant, is resistant to attacks that apply phase retrieval algorithms. Herein, we numerically analyze the key-space of DRPE and investigate the distribution property of decryption keys for classical and phase-only DRPE. We determine the difference in the distribution property of successful decryption keys for these DRPE techniques from the numerical analysis results and then discuss the security offered by them.
The modified iterative phase retrieval algorithms developed in Part I [Guo et al., Appl. Opt.54, 4698 (2015)] are applied to perform known plaintext and ciphertext attacks on amplitude encoding and phase encoding Fourier-transform-based double random phase encryption (DRPE) systems. It is shown that the new algorithms can retrieve the two random phase keys (RPKs) perfectly. The performances of the algorithms are tested by using the retrieved RPKs to decrypt a set of different ciphertexts encrypted using the same RPKs. Significantly, it is also shown that the DRPE system is, under certain conditions, vulnerable to ciphertext-only attack, i.e., in some cases an attacker can decrypt DRPE data successfully when only the ciphertext is intercepted.
We demonstrate a method of chosen-plaintext attack on lensless double-random phase encoding (L-DRPE) in the Fresnel domain. With this attack an opponent can access two encryption keys with help of the impulse functions as chosen plaintexts. This shows that a lensless optical encryption scheme based on DRPE is vulnerable to chosen-plaintext attack. Cryptoanalysis also indicates that the security worry originates from the linearity of the encryption and decryption mechanism of the L-DRPE scheme. One of the interesting features of the proposed attack is that the decryption process is lossless. Numerical simulations show good agreement with theoretical analysis.
The principle of ptychography is applied in known plain text attack on the double random phase encoding (DRPE) system. We find that with several pairs of plain texts and cipher texts, the model of attack on DRPE can be converted to the model of ptychographical imaging. Owing to the inherent merits of the ptychographical imaging, the DRPE system can be breached totally in a fast and nearly perfect way, which is unavailable for currently existing attack methods. Further, since the decryption keys can be seen as an object to be imaged from the perspective of imaging, the ptychographical technique may be a kind of new direction to further analysis of the security of other encryption systems based on double random keys.