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Photonics Research

Supercontinuum single-photon detector using multilayer superconducting nanowires

Hao Li, Yong Wang, Lixing You, Heqing Wang, Hui Zhou, Peng Hu, Weijun Zhang, Xiaoyu Liu, Xiaoyan Yang, Lu Zhang, Zhen Wang, Xiaoming Xie

Published Nov 20, 2019• 22 citations
Publisher

Abstract

High-efficiency superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs), which have numerous applications in quantum information systems, function by using the optical cavity and the ultrasensitive photon response of their ultra-thin superconducting nanowires. However, the wideband response of superconducting nanowires is limited due to the resonance of the traditional optical cavity. Here, we report on a supercontinuum SNSPD that can efficiently detect single photons over an ultra-broad spectral range from visible to mid-infrared light. Our detection approach relies on using multiple cavities with well-separated absorbed resonances formed by fabricating multilayer superconducting nanowires on metallic mirrors with silica acting as spacer layers. Thus, we are able to extend the absorption spectral bandwidth while maintaining considerable efficiency, as opposed to a conventional single-layer SNSPD. Our calculations show that the proposed supercontinuum SNSPD exhibits an extended absorption bandwidth with increased nanowire layers. Its absorption efficiency is greater than 70% over the entire range from 400 to 2500 nm (or 400 to 3000 nm), when using two-layer (or three-layer) nanowires. As a proof of principle, the SNSPD with bilayer nanowires is fabricated based on the proposed detector architecture with simplified geometrical parameters. The detector achieves broadband detection efficiency over 60% from 950 to 1650 nm. This type of detector may replace multiple narrow band detectors in a system and find uses in the emerging and rapidly advancing field of atomic and molecular broadband spectroscopy.

DOI
10.1364/prj.7.001425

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High-efficiency superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs), which have numerous applications in quantum information systems, function by using the optical cavity and the ultrasensitive photon response of their ultra-thin superconducting nanowires. However, the wideband response of superconducting nanowires is limited due to the resonance of the traditional optical cavity. Here, we report on a supercontinuum SNSPD that can efficiently detect single photons over an ultra-broad spectral range from visible to mid-infrared light. Our detection approach relies on using multiple cavities with well-separated absorbed resonances formed by fabricating multilayer superconducting nanowires on metallic mirrors with silica acting as spacer layers. Thus, we are able to extend the absorption spectral bandwidth while maintaining considerable efficiency, as opposed to a conventional single-layer SNSPD. Our calculations show that the proposed supercontinuum SNSPD exhibits an extended absorption bandwidth with increased nanowire layers. Its absorption efficiency is greater than 70% over the entire range from 400 to 2500 nm (or 400 to 3000 nm), when using two-layer (or three-layer) nanowires. As a proof of principle, the SNSPD with bilayer nanowires is fabricated based on the proposed detector architecture with simplified geometrical parameters. The detector achieves broadband detection efficiency over 60% from 950 to 1650 nm. This type of detector may replace multiple narrow band detectors in a system and find uses in the emerging and rapidly advancing field of atomic and molecular broadband spectroscopy.
This Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) are efficient devices that absorb and convert incident photons to discriminable signals. However, the multi-spectral response of it is limited due to the resonance of the traditional optical cavity. In this work, we present a multi-spectral SNSPD that can detect single photon at multiple wavelengths with high efficiency simultaneously. The stack structure consists of nanowires embedded in the high refractive index dielectric strips, spacer layers and the reflection layer. The designed detector shows absorption efficiencies of over 85% at the three target wavelengths of 1550 nm, 1310 nm and 1064 nm while the filling factor of nanowire is only 20%. Meanwhile, the reset time is dramatically reduced by applying the low-filling-factor nanowire. Such ultrafast, high-performance single-photon detectors are promising for the rapidly advancing fields of multi-spectral imaging, satellite laser ranging and quantum communications.
Broadband photon detectors are a key enabling technology for various applications such as spectrometers, light detection and ranging. In this work, we report on an ultra-broadband single-photon detector based on a microfiber (MF)-coupled superconducting nanowires structure operating in the spectral range from visible to near-infrared light. The MF-coupled superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) is formed by placing an MF on top of superconducting niobium nitride (NbN) nanowires, allowing ultra-broadband photon detection due to their nearly lossless transmission/absorption and nearly unity internal efficiency for ultra-broad waveband. The simulation results indicate that with optimal device structure, the optical absorption with efficiency > 90% can be realized over a wavelength range of 350 nm to 2150 nm. The fabricated MF-coupled SNSPD shows unparalleled broadband system detection efficiencies (SDEs) of more than 50% from 630 nm to 1500 nm. The SDEs reach 66% at 785 nm and 45% at 1550 nm. These results pave the way for ultra-broadband weak light detection with quantum-limit sensitivity.
In this work, we report multispectral superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) that can simultaneously detect single photons at multiple wavelengths with high efficiency. The superconducting nanowires are fabricated on an all-dielectric mirror consisting of two quarter-wave stack reflectors with separated central wavelengths. The unique optical structure results in serially coupled optical cavities, leading to multiple resonant absorption bands that are utilized for high-efficiency single photon detection. The fabricated detector shows system detection efficiencies of >80% at the three target wavelengths of 1550 nm, 1310 nm, and 1064 nm. The multispectral detector may eliminate the need for multiple SNSPDs for different wavelengths in a system, potentially resulting in a reduction in size, weight, and power, as well as in the cost of the overall detection system. The detector may also find interesting use for applications such as multispectral ranging or imaging.
Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors(SSPDs or SNSPDs) can detect single photons in a wide spectrum range from ultraviolet to mid-infrared wavelengths. We developed SSPDs for the light wavelength of 900-1100 nm, where it is difficult to achieve high detection efficiency by either Si or InGaAs avalanche photodiodes. We designed and fabricated the SSPD with non-periodic dielectric multilayers (DMLs) composed of SiO2 and TiO2 to enhance the optical absorptance in the wavelength range of 900-1100 nm. We measured the detection efficiency (DE) in the wavelength range of 800-1360 nm using a supercontinuum light source and found that the wavelength dependence of DE was in good agreement with the simulated spectrum of the optical absorptance of the nanowire device on the designed DML. The highest system DE was 81.0% for the wavelength of 980 nm.
Single photon detection advanced rapidly in the last decade. The superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) is an emerging technology, which offers low dark count rates, broadband sensitivity from visible to mid-infrared wavelengths and very high quantum efficiency. All these features are appealing for future emerging applications in remote gas sensing, quantum key distribution and quantum information processing. By enclosing the detector in an optical cavity, tuned to the operating wavelength, the total system detection of the SNSPD is improved. Based on the cavity design, the detector absorption is boosted at the desired experimental wavelength. Devices have been fabricated and tested, in this thesis, with enhanced detection efficiency at near-infrared, infrared and mid-infrared wavelengths. NbTiN detectors fabricated on Ta2O5 / SiO2 distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR) for front-side coupling exhibit a system detection efficiency of ≈ 90% at λ = 940 nm for the best device measured. SNSPDs were also fabricated in NbTiN on metallic mirrors for back-side coupling for 1550 and 2333 nm experimental wavelengths. The first design exhibited a system detection efficiency of ≈ 84.5%, at λ = 1550 nm for the best device measured. The second exhibited low system detection efficiency since the device suffered from unexpectedly high dark count rate mainly due to blackbody radiation at 2.2 K. However, it was possible to measure the timing jitter of this device at 350 mK indicating a FWHM of 84 ps. Another technique to improve the total system detection efficiency of the SNSPD, is by fabricating a hairpin-shaped nanowire atop a single mode waveguide. In this design, photons travel through the waveguide and via evanescent coupling are absorbed in the nanowire. These SNSPD devices have been designed to thread along single mode Si ridge waveguides using a hairpin-shaped nanowire structure, which offers enhanced coupling and absorption efficiency via evanescent coupling. These ultra-thin superconducting MoSi detectors are precisely patterned on top of a single mode Si waveguide (600 nm) with alignment error less than 40 nm. Low temperature electrical and nano-optical characterization was carried out using a two-stage pulse tube (PT) coldhead, using an additional 4He / 3He sorption pump, low vibration characterization of SNSPD devices at 350 mK was carried out. Characterised devices exhibit low dark count rate <5 counts per second and timing jitter of ≈ 83 ps full width half maximum (FWHM) at wavelength (λ) = 1550 nm and at critical current ≈ 30 µA.
Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) with near-unity system efficiency is a key enabling, but still elusive, technology for numerous quantum fundamental theory verifications and quantum information applications. The key challenge is to have both a near-unity photon-response probability and absorption efficiency simultaneously for the meandered nanowire with a finite filling ratio, which is more crucial for NbN than other superconducting materials (e.g., WSi) with lower transition temperatures. Here, we overcome the above challenge and produce NbN SNSPDs with a record system efficiency by replacing a single-layer nanowire with twin-layer nanowires on a dielectric mirror. The detector at 0.8 K shows a maximal system detection efficiency (SDE) of 98% at 1590 nm and a system efficiency of over 95% in the wavelength range of 1530-1630 nm. Moreover, the detector at 2.1 K demonstrates a maximal SDE of 95% at 1550 nm using a compacted two-stage cryocooler. This type of detector also shows the robustness against various parameters, such as the geometrical size of the nanowire and the spectral bandwidth, enabling a high yield of 73% (36%) with an SDE of >80% (90%) at 2.1 K for 45 detectors fabricated in the same run. These SNSPDs made of twin-layer nanowires are of important practical significance for batch production.