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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Cooperative States of Nd3+ Ion Pairs and Clusters in Nd3+:LaF3 Crystal

Yu.V. Orlovskii, Elena Vinogradova, Vladimir Hiznyakov

Published Jun 1, 2019• 0 citations

Abstract

Up to now, only quantum computing using few quantum bits have been realized [1]. Main obstacles to increase the size of quantum register are fast decoherence and difficulties to control many-qubits entanglement. The clusters of the Nd3+ions formed in the Nd3+:LaF3crystal can be a candidate for many-qubit CNOT-gate, because of their entangled states due to strong coherent interaction (Davydov's splitting; bright and dark states with their own lifetimes τ and ra), weak electron-phonon coupling and long coherence time of the excited states. It was shown earlier that satellite lines of the main spectral line for single-site optical center of absorption [2, 3] and fluorescence excitation spectra [2] of Nd3+:LaF3crystals can be attributed to Nd3+ion pairs. The direct measurement of the fluorescence decay times for various classes of Nd3+pairs was made [2] since the pairs are well selected by fluorescence excitation wavelength.

DOI: 10.1109/cleoe-eqec.2019.8872533

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Up to now, only quantum computing using few quantum bits have been realized [1]. Main obstacles to increase the size of quantum register are fast decoherence and difficulties to control many-qubits entanglement. The clusters of the Nd3+ions formed in the Nd3+:LaF3crystal can be a candidate for many-qubit CNOT-gate, because of their entangled states due to strong coherent interaction (Davydov's splitting; bright and dark states with their own lifetimes τ and ra), weak electron-phonon coupling and long coherence time of the excited states. It was shown earlier that satellite lines of the main spectral line for single-site optical center of absorption [2, 3] and fluorescence excitation spectra [2] of Nd3+:LaF3crystals can be attributed to Nd3+ion pairs. The direct measurement of the fluorescence decay times for various classes of Nd3+pairs was made [2] since the pairs are well selected by fluorescence excitation wavelength.

The detailed site-selective and time-resolved fluorescence laser spectroscopy and kinetic measurements with high spectral and nanosecond temporal resolution were applied to analyze the M and N absorption bands at the 4I9/2(1) yields 4G5/2(1) crystal field (CF) transition in the CaF2:Nd3+ crystal at 4.2 K. It was found that at helium temperatures the dynamically split spectral line at the 4I9/2(1) yields 4G5/2(1) CF transition of coherently coupled Nd3+ ions in the pair M- and quartet N-centers is inhomogeneously broadened. Small variation of fluorescence lifetimes of the 4F3/2 and 4D3/2 levels due to small variation of distances between Nd3+ ions in the pairs was found. Approximately 1 percent variation of the Nd-Nd distance in the pair -center was determined form lifetime variation of the 4F3/2 manifold.

This paper shows that the satellite lines that appear in the absorption and fluorescence spectra of neodymium ions in a LaF3 crystal at concentrations of about 0.5 at.% and the accompanying lines of the isolated ion are caused by pairwise interaction of the Nd3+ ions. Double optical resonance is used to study the structure of the satellite lines in the neighborhood of the 4I9/2→4G5/2 transition of the isolated ion (wavelength 5777.1 Å), hidden by inhomogeneous broadening. When neodymium ion pairs are excited by resonance laser radiation, the presence of anti-Stokes components is recorded in the fluorescence spectrum (up-conversion). It is shown that the main up-conversion mechanism is cumulative pair excitation. These results are convincing evidence that the suppression of absorption from excited levels can be experimentally observed in condensed media.