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Quantum Electronics

Coherent-state quantum cryptography using pseudorandom number generators

Ashot S. Avanesov, Dmitry Anatolevich Kronberg

Published Oct 1, 2019• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Quantum key distribution plays an important role in modern cryptography, since the security of the transmitted keys is guaranteed by fundamental laws of nature. A method using pseudorandom number generators well known from classical cryptography is considered. It is shown that their use in quantum cryptography makes it possible to increase the key generation rate under very weak assumptions about the capabilities of the eavesdropper. A practical scheme of a coherent-state quantum key distribution protocol using pseudorandom sequences is proposed. The cryptographic strength of the proposed protocol against a beam-splitting attack is considered.

DOI
10.1070/qel17054

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Abstract Quantum key distribution plays an important role in modern cryptography, since the security of the transmitted keys is guaranteed by fundamental laws of nature. A method using pseudorandom number generators well known from classical cryptography is considered. It is shown that their use in quantum cryptography makes it possible to increase the key generation rate under very weak assumptions about the capabilities of the eavesdropper. A practical scheme of a coherent-state quantum key distribution protocol using pseudorandom sequences is proposed. The cryptographic strength of the proposed protocol against a beam-splitting attack is considered.
The cryptographic communication has a lot of important applications, particularly in the magnificent prospects of private communication. As one knows, the security of cryptographic channel depends crucially on the secrecy of the key. The Vernam cipher is the only cipher system which has guaranteed security. In that system the key must be as long as the message and most be used only once. Quantum cryptography is a method whereby key secrecy can be guaranteed by a physical law. So it is impossible, even in principle, to eavesdrop on such channels. Quantum cryptography has been developed in recent years. Up to now, many schemes of quantum cryptography have been proposed. Now one of the main problems in this field is how to increase transmission distance. In order to use quantum nature of light, up to now proposed schemes all use very dim light pulses. The average photon number is about 0.1. Because of the loss of the optical fiber, it is difficult for the quantum cryptography based on one photon level or on dim light to realize quantum key-distribution over long distance. A quantum key distribution based on coherent state is introduced in this paper. Here we discuss the feasibility and security of this scheme.
Abstract Quantum cryptography or, more precisely, quantum key distribution (QKD), is one of the advanced areas in the field of quantum technologies. The confidentiality of keys distributed with the use of QKD protocols is guaranteed by the fundamental laws of quantum mechanics. This paper is devoted to the decoy state method, a countermeasure against vulnerabilities caused by the use of coherent states of light for QKD protocols whose security is proved under the assumption of single-photon states. We give a formal security proof of the decoy state method against all possible attacks. We compare two widely known attacks on multiphoton pulses: photon-number splitting and beam splitting. Finally, we discuss the equivalence of polarization and phase coding.
Quantum Cryptography offers a secure method of sharing sequences of random numbers to be used as cryptographic keys. It can potentially eliminate many of the weaknesses of classical cryptographic methods. In this paper, we survey some results in quantum cryptography. After a brief introduction to classical cryptography, some fundamental quantum key distribution protocols are reviewed. The issue of security both from theoretical as well as real life point of view is also addressed. Finally we point out some noteworthy recent advances and some important remaining challenges.
In the last few years, development of quantum cryptography has attracted the scientist’s attention. Researches passed from the theoretical level to introduction of ready commercial decisions. The main difference between the methods of quantum cryptography and traditional (symmetric and asymmetric) cryptography consists in use of absolutely different principles in the basis. The quantum cryptography does not depend on computing or other intruder opportunities, uses specific unique quantum particles properties and based on inviolability of quantum physics laws. Among the most developed technologies of quantum cryptography is worth noting quantum secure direct communication, which can transmit information by open channel without encryption - removing key distribution problem, but in these protocols each bit of information is confidential and intruder shouldn’t get it, that's why requirements for protocols stability is much higher and require security amplification methods. Such method was previously developed by authors, but its implementation requires the use of reliable trit pseudorandom sequences. In this context, this study presents an experimental research of trit pseudorandom sequence generating method for cryptographic applications. For evaluating the effectiveness of this method was developed experimental methodology, which confirms the possibility of using trit sequences generated by the method for ensuring the stability of quantum cryptography qutrit protocols to non-coherent attacks and for other crypto-graphic applications in modern information and communication technologies.
Abstract An important advantage of quantum cryptography over classical cryptography consists in the fact that the security of the transmitted keys is not related to the assumptions about the eavesdropper capabilities and is guaranteed by the laws of nature. Nevertheless, in some situations it makes sense to consider some reasonable assumptions about the eavesdropper capabilities, which can increase the secret key distribution rate. Methods are proposed for legitimate users to employ some practical limitations, and attacks are constructed that the eavesdropper can apply under the conditions of these limitations.