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Frontiers in Optics

Intensity Correlation Measurement for Detecting Magneto-Optical Resonance at High Field

G. S. Pati, Renu Tripathi, Raghwinder Singh Grewal, Anthony W. Yu, Michael A. Krainak, Michael E. Purucker

Published Jan 1, 2019• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate a new correlation technique for detecting magneto-optical resonances, which are produced by exciting 87Rb atoms in a vapor medium with modulated light. The technique can be used to improve the performance of remote magnetometry.
DOI
10.1364/fio.2019.jtu3a.38

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Resonant excitation of an atomic medium with amplitude modulated (AM) light can produce synchronous optical pumping effects. Nonlinear magneto-optical rotation (NMOR) is produced with AM light when the optical pumping rate is synchronous with the Larmor frequency. Traditionally, magnetic field measurements have been performed using lock-in detection of the NMOR signal with the transmitted light. Instead of NMOR, we have studied intensity correlation between two orthogonally polarized components of the AM light passing through a rubidium vapor cell, for magnetic field measurements. We have used a pure 87Rb cell (1 cm in diameter and 2 cm in length) filled with Ne buffer gas for this study. Intensity correlation is performed by recording the intensity data from two fast photodetectors with a high bandwidth digitizer board. We have measured the dependence of the zero-delay intensity correlation on the magnetic field. We have also studied the dependence of the correlation width on the light intensity and cell temperature. Results obtained from the theoretical model are also compared with the experiment. The results suggest intensity correlation can be used as a viable technique for improving the performance of magnetic field measurements with AM light.
Introduction Shortly after the inception of atomic magnetometry, alkali-vapor magnetometers were being used to measure the Earth's magnetic field to unprecedented precision. During the same era, Bell and Bloom first demonstrated all-optical atomic magnetometry through synchronous optical pumping [1] (see Chapters 1 and 6). In this approach, optical-pumping light is frequency- or amplitude-modulated at harmonics of the Larmor frequency ω L to generate a precessing spin polarization within an alkali vapor at finite magnetic field [2, 3]. Although this technique received considerable attention from the atomic physics community for its applicability to optical pumping experiments, Earth's-field alkali-vapor atomic magnetometers continued to rely on radiofrequency (RF) field excitation for several decades (see Chapter 4). Upon the advent of diode lasers addressing alkali and metastable helium transitions, synchronously pumped magnetometers experienced a revival beginning in the late 1980s. In recent years, such magnetometers have found applications in nuclear magnetic resonance detection [4] (see also Chapter 14), quantum control experiments [5], and chip-scale devices intended for spacecraft use [6] (see also Chapters 7 and 15). All-optical magnetometers possess several advantages over devices that employ RF coils. RF-driven magnetometers can suffer from cross-talk if two sensors are placed in close proximity, since the AC magnetic field driving resonance in one vapor cell can adversely affect the other. All-optical magnetometers are free from such interference. When operated in self-oscillating mode [7], RF-driven magnetometers require an added ±90° electronic phase shift in the feedback loop to counter the intrinsic phase shift between the RF field and the probe-beam modulation.
This work presents new methods of optical magnetometry developed in the Center for Magneto-Optical Research at the Jagiellonian University. Using rubidium atoms contained in cm-long glass cells and amplitude-modulated laser we have recorded magneto-optical signals of extremely small widths. These signals allow measurements of magnetic fields with a sensitivity comparable to that achieved with magnetometers based on Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs). Full Text: PDF References: M. Faraday,Experimental Researches in Electricity. Nineteenth Series, Trans. R. Soc. London 136, 1 (1846). [CrossRef] K. Barczak and S. Pustelny,Magnetooptic properties of special optical type D fibers, J. Phys. IV 137, 15 (2006). [CrossRef] W. Gawlik, J. Kowalski, R. Neumann, and F. Trager, Observation of the electric hexadecapole moment of free Na atoms in a forward scattering experiment, Opt. Commun. 12, 400 (1974). [CrossRef] W. Gawlik, S. Pustelny, in New Trends in Quantum Coherence and Optics, R. Drampyan Ed., 47 (New York, Nova Publishers, 2009). D. W. Gawlik, D. F. Kimball, S. M. Rochester, A. Weis, and V. V. Yashchuk,Resonant nonlinear magneto-optical effects in atoms, Rev. Mod. Phys. 74, 1153 (2002). [CrossRef] D. V.V. Yashchuk, and M. Zolotorev,Nonlinear Magneto-optic Effects with Ultranarrow Widths, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81(26), 5788 (1998). [CrossRef] D. D. F. Kimball, S. M. Rochester, V. V. Yashchuk, and M. Zolotorev,Sensitive magnetometry based on nonlinear magneto-optical rotation, Phys. Rev. A 62, 043403 (2000). [CrossRef] G. Wąsik, W. Gawlik, J. Zachorowski, and W. Zawadzki, Laser frequency stabilization by Doppler-free magnetic dichroism, Appl. Phys. B 75, 613 (2002). [CrossRef] W. Gawlik, L. Krzemien, S. Pustelny, D. Sangla, J. Zachorowski, M. Graf, A. O. Sushkov, and D. Budker, magneto-optical rotation with amplitude modulated light, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 131108 (2006). [CrossRef] D. D. F. Kimball, V. V. Yashchuk, M. Zolotorev,Nonlinear magneto-optical rotation with frequency-modulated light, Phys. Rev. A 65, 055403 (2002). [CrossRef] J. M. Higbie, E. Corsini, and D. Robust, high-speed, all-optical atomic magnetometer, Rev. Sci. Instr. 77, 113106 (2006). [CrossRef] S. Pustelny, A. Wojciechowski, M. Kotyrba, K. Sycz, J. Zachorowski, W. Gawlik, A. Cingoz, N. Leefer, J. M. Higbie, E. Corsini, M. P. Ledbetter, S. M. Rochester, A. O. Sushkov, and D. All-optical atomic magnetometers based on nonlinear magneto-optical rotation with amplitude modulated light, Proc. of SPIE 6604, 660404 (2007). [CrossRef] S. Pustelny, A. Wojciechowski, M. Gring, M. Kotyrba, J. Zachorowski, W. Gawlik, Magnetometry based on nonlinear magneto-optical rotation with amplitude-modulated light, J. Appl. Phys. 103, 063108 (2008). [CrossRef] S. Pustelny, S. M. Rochester, D. F. Jackson Kimball, V. V. Yashchuk, D. and W. Gawlik, Nonlinear magneto-optical rotation with modulated light in tilted magnetic fields, Phys. Rev. A 74, 063420 (2006). [CrossRef]
Atomic magnetometry was performed at Earth’s magnetic field over a free-space distance of ten meters. Two laser beams aimed at a distant alkali-vapor cell excited and detected the 87Rb magnetic resonance, allowing the magnetic field within the cell to be interrogated remotely. Operated as a driven oscillator, the magnetometer measured the geomagnetic field with ≲3.5 pT precision in a ∼2 s data acquisition; this precision was likely limited by ambient field fluctuations. The sensor was also operated in self-oscillating mode with a 5.3 pT/Hz noise floor. Further optimization will yield a high-bandwidth, fully remote magnetometer with sub-pT sensitivity.