This paper studies the significant scientific ideas presented in quantum computers and quantum communications. In quantum computers, a quantum has no precise position. It does not follow the causal law and does not hold repeatability. Quantum addition takes almost no time. A quantum (qubit) can present both “1” and “0” at the same time. In quantum communications, when two particles are entangled, one can transfer information to the other that can even across cosmic distance away without energy, time, and any ”field” as medium. All these ideas together form a set of completely new ideas of “rational science”, breaking through the concepts of classical science. However, the slow research progress of quantum computers and quantum communications reflects that people's knowledge of scientific ideas is very limited. This paper is to discuss the evolution of scientific ideas inspired by quantum computers and quantum communications for further mining the scientific research ideas.
This paper studies the significant scientific ideas presented in quantum computers and quantum communications. In quantum computers, a quantum has no precise position. It does not follow the causal law and does not hold repeatability. Quantum addition takes almost no time. A quantum (qubit) can present both “1” and “0” at the same time. In quantum communications, when two particles are entangled, one can transfer information to the other that can even across cosmic distance away without energy, time, and any ”field” as medium. All these ideas together form a set of completely new ideas of “rational science”, breaking through the concepts of classical science. However, the slow research progress of quantum computers and quantum communications reflects that people's knowledge of scientific ideas is very limited. This paper is to discuss the evolution of scientific ideas inspired by quantum computers and quantum communications for further mining the scientific research ideas.
Quantum communication is based on a number of novel ideas. It is propelled forward by intriguing physics and associated disciplines such as superposition, entanglement, quantum tunneling, etc. This necessitates acquiring new skills ranging from physics, programming, computer science, communication engineering, mechanical engineering, and electrical engineering. The first applications have already reached market segments, and laboratories in universities are working on and developing advanced quantum networks, but the majority of the updates are yet to come. The quantum network is a new scientific field that is expected to become one of the core networking technologies in the future. In this research work, the fundamentals of quantum mechanics, the principles underlying it, and the progress made thus far in quantum computing and quantum communicationare discussed.
In the twentieth century, quantum physics is one of the most successful approaches in scientific progress. To theorize the concept of quantum computing Max Planck's idea of the existence of energy in individual units like matter was used. Since then, the idea of manufacturing quantum computers for everyday use is becoming more plausible with technological advances in quantum theory. A classical computer carries out logical operations using a bit which is either 1 or 0. In contrast to a classical computer, a quantum computer works with a quantum bit or qubit, which is not limited to two states only. Qubits can exist in a superposition of the two states creating parallelism. Qubit represents the state of atoms, ions, photons or electrons. These qubits which work together with a control device act as a computer memory.Quantum computers have the potential to become million times more potent than present-day supercomputers due to the presence of these multiple states simultaneously. Concepts and ideas of quantum computing have been demonstrated by different methods like Ion Trap, Quantum Dot methods etc. However, the actual realization of such a superior system is still in the future. A strategy must be formulated to maintain decoherence and other potential sources of error at a permissible level.Astonishingly, quantum computing took a long time to take off, even though the physicists have known about the world of subatomic particles. Even so, it took computer scientists another half-century to consider harnessing quantum effects for computation. Also, it was later discovered that quantum computers could solve quantum mechanical many-body problems that are impractical to solve on a classical computer. The foundations of the subject of quantum computation may have become well-published, but the knowledge is still growing. Hence here is a research paper based on the study of quantum computation.
Information is physical. Today’s information processing and communication are classical: they are based upon the laws of Newton’s and Maxwell’s classical physics. This assertion holds all the way, from commercial computers and networks, up to their most abstract models, e.g. Turing machines. Research in quantum information was born some twenty five years ago, with the encounter of two major scientific achievements of the 20th century, namely quantum physics and information sciences. A technological motivation for that is an extrapolation of Moore’s law which seems to indicate that the amount of matter needed for one bit will be reduced to one particle sometimes before year 2020. A deeper, scientific driving force of this interdisciplinary research is that of looking for the consequences of having computation and communication based directly upon the laws of quantum physics, i.e. our current ultimate knowledge of the world of elementary particles, as described by quantum mechanics. Breakthroughs in cryptography, communications, information theory and algorithmics have shown that this transplantation from classical to quantum has far reaching consequences, both quantitative and qualitative, and opens new avenues for research within the foundations of computer science and physics. The principles 388 and most striking results and hot topics of this promising way of encoding, processing and communicating information are briefly introduced in this chapter from a mostly computer science point of view, with detailed examples in algorithmics and in cryptography. At the end of the chapter, a short list of some significant articles, textbooks and reports on quantum information are suggested for further reading.
Information is physical: the laws which govern its encoding, processing and communication are bound by those of its unavoidably physical embodiment. In today's informatics, information obeys the laws of Newton's and Maxwell's classical physics: this assertion holds all the way from commercial computers down to (up to?) their most abstract models, e.g. Turing machines and lambda-calculus. Today's computation and communication are classical. Research in quantum information processing and communication was born some twenty five years ago, as a child of two major scientific achievements of the 20th century, namely quantum physics and information sciences. The driving force of this interdisciplinary research is that of looking for the consequences of having information encoding, computation and communication based upon the laws of quantum physics, i.e. the ultimate knowledge that we have, today, of the foreign world of elementary particles, as described by quantum mechanics. Breakthroughs in cryptography, communications, information theory, algorithmics and, more recently, in abstract computational models, programming languages and semantics frameworks, have shown that this transplantation of information from classical to quantum has far reaching consequences, both quantitative and qualitative, and opens new avenues for research within the foundations of computer science.From a computer scientist's point of view, which is my point of view, I will explain the basics, survey the main achievements, and outline the current hot topics and major challenges of this promising and stimulating research. I will not assume any prior knowledge in quantum mechanics from the audience.
Quantum information science is an area of study based on the idea
that information science depends on quantum effects in physics. It includes
theoretical issues in computational models as well as more experimental topics
in quantum physics including what can and cannot be done with quantum
information. Subfields include: Quantum computing, Quantum error correction,
Quantum complexity theory, Quantum cryptography and its generalization, quantum
communication, Quantum communication complexity, Quantum entanglement, Quantum
dense coding, Quantum teleportation.
In the
present book, fifteen typical literatures about Quantum Communication published
on international authoritative journals were selected to introduce the
worldwide newest progress, which contains reviews or original researches on
Communication, mechanics, optics, ect. We hope this book can demonstrate
advances in Quantum Communication as well as give references to the
researchers, students and other related people.
The subject of quantum computing brings together ideas from classical information theory, computer science, and quantum physics.This review aims to summarize not just quantum computing, but the whole subject of quantum information theory.Information can be identified as the most general thing which must propagate from a cause to an effect.It therefore has a fundamentally important role in the science of physics.However, the mathematical treatment of information, especially information processing, is quite recent, dating from the mid-20th century.This has meant that the full significance of information as a basic concept in physics is only now being discovered.This is especially true in quantum mechanics.The theory of quantum information and computing puts this significance on a firm footing, and has led to some profound and exciting new insights into the natural world.Among these are the use of quantum states to permit the secure transmission of classical information (quantum cryptography), the use of quantum entanglement to permit reliable transmission of quantum states (teleportation), the possibility of preserving quantum coherence in the presence of irreversible noise processes (quantum error correction), and the use of controlled quantum evolution for efficient computation (quantum computation).The common theme of all these insights is the use of quantum entanglement as a computational resource.