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Bell Nonlocality in Quantum Theory

Valerio Scarani

Published Aug 7, 2019• 0 citations
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Abstract

Abstract All the examples of nonlocality that we know are accurately described within quantum theory. This chapter presents the study of CHSH and some systematic results. In particular, we learn that separable states can only give rise to local behaviors, while pure entangled states are nonlocal resources. The case of mixed entangled states is then introduced.

DOI
10.1093/oso/9780198788416.003.0003

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Abstract All the examples of nonlocality that we know are accurately described within quantum theory. This chapter presents the study of CHSH and some systematic results. In particular, we learn that separable states can only give rise to local behaviors, while pure entangled states are nonlocal resources. The case of mixed entangled states is then introduced.
Quantum mechanics is a highly nonlocal theory of nature. Quantum systems exhibit correlations which cannot be described by any classical theory of locality. We develop the resource theory of dynamical Bell nonlocality, which includes bipartite states, classical channels, quantum channels and measurements. In the state scenario, all separable states are Bell local. However, there exist mixed bipartite entangled states which also admit Bell local behaviour. To address this anomaly, we introduce the notion of fully Bell locality and show that all entangled states are Bell nonlocal, in the sense that they can be used to simulate at least one nonlocal bipartite Positive Operator Valued Measure (POVM) channel. We take a step further and generalise this result to bipartite entangled quantum channels. We then generalize the CHSH inequality from bipartite classical channels to bipartite POVM channels and devise a technique to check if a given bipartite POVM channel is nonlocal or not. Finally we provide a systematic method to quantify Bell nonlocality of bipartite quantum channels by extending any monotone for Bell nonlocality of classical channels to quantum channels and also introduce the precise definition of relative entropy of Bell nonlocality. We leave some open problems in the way.
Abstract This chapter is a self-contained introduction to Bell nonlocality. After a very quick historical motivation, the setting and the definition of nonlocality are given. Five classic examples of Bell tests are then introduced, including the CHSH and the GHZ tests. The remainder of the chapter is a critical reflection that contains two topics: a discussion of possible loopholes that should be avoided, and an elementary presentation of the main interpretations given to the phenomenon of nonlocality.
Bell nonlocality describes a manifestation of quantum mechanics that cannot be explained by any local hidden variable model. Its origin lies in the nature of quantum entanglement, although understanding the precise relationship between nonlocality and entanglement has been a notorious open problem. In this paper, we develop a dynamical framework in which quantum Bell nonlocality emerges as a special form of entanglement and both are unified as resources under local operations and classical communication (LOCC). Our framework is built on the notion of classical and quantum processes, which are defined as channels that map elements between specific intervals in space and time. Entanglement is identified as a process that cannot be generated by LOCC while Bell nonlocality is the subset of these processes that have an instantaneous input-to-output delay time. LOCC preprocessing is a natural set of free operations in this theory, thereby providing previous nonlocality activation results a clear resource-theoretic foundation. We provide a systematic method to quantify the Bell nonlocality of a bipartite quantum channel. It is shown that both the relative entropy and the max relative entropy of nonlocality are nonadditive for a family of bipartite classical channels. This family includes the channel obtained when using the singlet state to maximally violate the CHSH inequality. We also find that the regularized relative entropy of Bell nonlocality provides an upper bound on the asymptotic rate of converting (i.e., simulating) many copies of one classical instantaneous resource to another.
Quantum technologies are enjoying an unprecedented popularity, and some applications are already in the market. This thesis studies two phenomena that are behind a lot of quantum technologies: entanglement and nonlocality. We focus on multipartite systems, and ask what configurations of those systems are more useful than others. 'Usefulness' takes on different meanings depending on the context, but, roughly speaking, we aim for more entanglement or more nonlocality. Chapter 2 develops a resource theory of entanglement with a unique multipartite maximally entangled state. Chapter 3 shows that any connected network of bipartite pure entangled states is genuine multipartite nonlocal (GMNL). Chapter 4 shows that, unlike in the case of pure states, topology is crucial to determine whether networks of bipartite mixed entangled states are genuine multipartite entangled. We also obtain, to our knowledge, the first example of superactivation of GMNL. In a departure from the main ideas explored in previous chapters, Chapter 5 is devoted to developing a physical principle inspired by a seminal result in epistemics. We contend that the principle must hold for any theory of Nature and intend for it to rule out post-quantum theories which are consistent with experimentally observed results.
Environmental influences are typical in any practical situation which in turn can have fatal effects on quantum resources. Bell nonlocality is such an important resource. Some environmental interactions can lead to nonlocality being lost. In such situations, it is vital to find possible prescriptions to retrieve nonlocality. The present work lays down one such prescription. Precisely, we have studied some well-known classes of states under the ambit of the Bell-CHSH inequality in two qubits, where we start from a Bell-CHSH local state and can transform it into a nonlocal state through our protocol. The efficacy of the protocol is further established from the fact that it can retrieve nonlocality from states admitting a LHV(local hidden variable) model. The strength of the prescription is validated by the fact that it can generate nonlocality from states when even unitary action on the composite system fails.
Quantum nonlocality is tested for an entangled coherent state, interacting with a dissipative environment. A pure entangled coherent state violates Bell's inequality regardless of its coherent amplitude. The higher the initial nonlocality, the more rapidly quantum nonlocality is lost. The entangled coherent state can also be investigated in the framework of 2times22\\times22times2 Hilbert space. The quantum nonlocality persists longer in 2times22\\times22times2 Hilbert space. When it decoheres it is found that the entangled coherent state fails the nonlocality test, which contrasts with the fact that the decohered entangled state is always entangled.