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Entanglement generated by dissipation

Hanna Krauter, Christine A. Muschik, Kasper Jensen, Wojciech Wasilewski, J. M. Petersen, J. I. Cirac, Eugene Simon Polzik

Published Jun 22, 2010• 3 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Entanglement is a striking feature of quantum mechanics and an essential ingredient in most applications in quantum information. Typically, coupling of a system to an environment inhibits entanglement, particularly in macroscopic systems. Here we report on an experiment, where dissipation continuously generates entanglement between two macroscopic objects. This is achieved by engineering the dissipation using laser- and magnetic fields, and leads to robust event-ready entanglement maintained for 0.04s at room temperature. Our system consists of two ensembles containing about 10^{12} atoms and separated by 0.5m coupled to the environment composed of the vacuum modes of the electromagnetic field. By combining the dissipative mechanism with a continuous measurement, steady state entanglement is continuously generated and observed for up to an hour.

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Entanglement is a striking feature of quantum mechanics and an essential ingredient in most applications in quantum information. Typically, coupling of a system to an environment inhibits entanglement, particularly in macroscopic systems. Here we report on an experiment where dissipation continuously generates entanglement between two macroscopic objects. This is achieved by engineering the dissipation using laser and magnetic fields, and leads to robust event-ready entanglement maintained for 0.04 s at room temperature. Our system consists of two ensembles containing about 10(12) atoms and separated by 0.5 m coupled to the environment composed of the vacuum modes of the electromagnetic field. By combining the dissipative mechanism with a continuous measurement, steady state entanglement is continuously generated and observed for up to 1 h.

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Superconducting quantum circuits provide a promising avenue for scalable quantum computation and simulation. Their chief advantage is that, unlike physical atoms or electrons, these ``artificial atoms'' can be designed with nearly-arbitrarily large coupling to one another and to their electromagnetic environment. This strong coupling allows for fast quantum bit (qubit) operations, and for efficient readout. However, strong coupling comes at a price: a qubit that is strongly coupled to its environment is also strongly susceptible to losses and dissipation, as coherent information leaks from the quantum system under study into inaccessible ``bath'' modes. Extensive work in the field is dedicated to engineering away these losses to the extent possible, and to using error correction to undo the effects of losses that are unavoidable.This dissertation explores an alternate approach to dissipation: we study avenues by which dissipation itself can be used to generate, rather than destroy, quantum resources. We do so specifically in the context of quantum entanglement, one of the most important and most counter-intuitive aspects of quantum mechanics. Entanglement generation and stabilization is critical to most non-trivial implementations of quantum computing and quantum simulation, as it is the property that distinguishes a multi-qubit quantum system from a string of classical bits. The ability to harness dissipation to generate, purify, and stabilize entanglement is therefore highly desirable.We begin with an overview of quantum dissipation and measurement, followed by an introduction to entanglement and to the superconducting quantum information architecture. We then discuss three sets of experiments that highlight and explore the powerful uses of dissipation in quantum systems. First, we use an entangling measurement to probabilistically generate entanglement between two qubits separated by more than one meter of ordinary cable. This represents the first achievement of remote entanglement in a superconducting qubit system, which will be a critical capability as quantum computers and simulators scale. We then use a nearly-quantum limited amplifier to unravel individual quantum trajectories of the system under that entangling measurement, performing the first systematic exploration of entangled trajectories in any physical implementation. We finally demonstrate deterministic entanglement by engineering a lossy quantum environment to efficiently generate and stabilize entangled states with both frequency and symmetry selectivity. These experiments provide evidence that explicitly building dissipation into an engineered quantum system can enable, rather than hinder, the study of fundamental quantum mechanics and complex many-body Hamiltonians.

•Jan 1, 2016•0 citations
Entanglement is a striking feature of quantum mechanics and an essential ingredient in most applications in quantum information. Typically, coupling of a system to an environment inhibits entanglement, particularly in macroscopic systems. Here we report on an experiment, where dissipation continuously generates entanglement between two macroscopic objects. This is achieved by engineering the dissipation using laser- and magnetic fields, and leads to robust event-ready entanglement maintained for 0.04s at room temperature. Our system consists of two ensembles containing about 10^{12} atoms and separated by 0.5m coupled to the environment composed of the vacuum modes of the electromagnetic field. By combining the dissipative mechanism with a continuous measurement, steady state entanglement is continuously generated and observed for up to an hour.
Entanglement is a striking feature of quantum mechanics and an essential ingredient in most applications in quantum information. Typically, coupling of a system to an environment inhibits entanglement, particularly in macroscopic systems. Here we report on an experiment where dissipation continuously generates entanglement between two macroscopic objects. This is achieved by engineering the dissipation using laser and magnetic fields, and leads to robust event-ready entanglement maintained for 0.04 s at room temperature. Our system consists of two ensembles containing about 10(12) atoms and separated by 0.5 m coupled to the environment composed of the vacuum modes of the electromagnetic field. By combining the dissipative mechanism with a continuous measurement, steady state entanglement is continuously generated and observed for up to 1 h.
Up to now, the lifetime of experimentally demonstrated entangled states has been limited due to their fragility under decoherence and dissipation. Therefore, they are created under strict isolation conditions. In contrast, new approaches harness the coupling of the system to the environment, which drives the system into the desired state. Following these ideas, we present a robust method for generating steady-state entanglement between two distant atomic ensembles. The proposed scheme relies on the interaction of the two atomic systems with the common vacuum modes of an electromagnetic field which act as an engineered environment. We develop the theoretical framework for two-level systems, including dipole-dipole interactions, and complement it by considering its implementation in multilevel ground states. Based on these results, the realization of entanglement generation by engineered dissipation has been experimentally demonstrated [H. Krauter, C. A. Muschik, K. Jensen, W. Wasilewski, J. M. Petersen, J. I. Cirac, and E. S. Polzik, e-print arXiv:1006.4344].
Following a recent proposal (Muschik et al 2011 Phys. Rev. A 83 052312), engineered dissipative processes have been used for the generation of stable entanglement between two macroscopic atomic ensembles at room temperature (Krauter et al 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 080503). This experiment included the preparation of entangled states which are continuously available during a time interval of 1 h. Here, we present additional material, further-reaching data and an extension of the theory developed in Muschik et al (2011 Phys. Rev. A 83 052312). In particular, we show how the combination of the entangling dissipative mechanism with measurements can give rise to a substantial improvement of the generated entanglement in the presence of noise.
Abstract We present a scheme for the dissipative preparation of an entangled steady state between two atomic qubits separately trapped in the coupled cavities. The combination of coherent driving fields and dissipative processes will drive the system into a steady state. By choosing different frequency of classical laser field, the target steady state can be generated in different ways. In our scheme, the atomic spontaneous emission and the cavity decay can be used as a prerequisite. The numerical simulation shows that the maximally entangled state with high fidelity and purity can be produced regardless of the initial state. The fidelity is insensitive to the fluctuation of the system parameters.
Superconducting quantum circuits provide a promising avenue for scalable quantum computation and simulation. Their chief advantage is that, unlike physical atoms or electrons, these ``artificial atoms'' can be designed with nearly-arbitrarily large coupling to one another and to their electromagnetic environment. This strong coupling allows for fast quantum bit (qubit) operations, and for efficient readout. However, strong coupling comes at a price: a qubit that is strongly coupled to its environment is also strongly susceptible to losses and dissipation, as coherent information leaks from the quantum system under study into inaccessible ``bath'' modes. Extensive work in the field is dedicated to engineering away these losses to the extent possible, and to using error correction to undo the effects of losses that are unavoidable.This dissertation explores an alternate approach to dissipation: we study avenues by which dissipation itself can be used to generate, rather than destroy, quantum resources. We do so specifically in the context of quantum entanglement, one of the most important and most counter-intuitive aspects of quantum mechanics. Entanglement generation and stabilization is critical to most non-trivial implementations of quantum computing and quantum simulation, as it is the property that distinguishes a multi-qubit quantum system from a string of classical bits. The ability to harness dissipation to generate, purify, and stabilize entanglement is therefore highly desirable.We begin with an overview of quantum dissipation and measurement, followed by an introduction to entanglement and to the superconducting quantum information architecture. We then discuss three sets of experiments that highlight and explore the powerful uses of dissipation in quantum systems. First, we use an entangling measurement to probabilistically generate entanglement between two qubits separated by more than one meter of ordinary cable. This represents the first achievement of remote entanglement in a superconducting qubit system, which will be a critical capability as quantum computers and simulators scale. We then use a nearly-quantum limited amplifier to unravel individual quantum trajectories of the system under that entangling measurement, performing the first systematic exploration of entangled trajectories in any physical implementation. We finally demonstrate deterministic entanglement by engineering a lossy quantum environment to efficiently generate and stabilize entangled states with both frequency and symmetry selectivity. These experiments provide evidence that explicitly building dissipation into an engineered quantum system can enable, rather than hinder, the study of fundamental quantum mechanics and complex many-body Hamiltonians.