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arXiv:1203.4785 · Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Robust entanglement generation by reservoir engineering

Christine A. Muschik, Hanna Krauter, Kasper Jensen, J. M. Petersen, J. I. Cirac, Eugene Simon Polzik

Published Jun 8, 2012• 24 citations
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Abstract

Following a recent proposal (Muschik et al 2011 Phys. Rev. A 83 052312), engineered dissipative processes have been used for the generation of stable entanglement between two macroscopic atomic ensembles at room temperature (Krauter et al 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 080503). This experiment included the preparation of entangled states which are continuously available during a time interval of 1 h. Here, we present additional material, further-reaching data and an extension of the theory developed in Muschik et al (2011 Phys. Rev. A 83 052312). In particular, we show how the combination of the entangling dissipative mechanism with measurements can give rise to a substantial improvement of the generated entanglement in the presence of noise.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/45/12/124021

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Following a recent proposal (Muschik et al 2011 Phys. Rev. A 83 052312), engineered dissipative processes have been used for the generation of stable entanglement between two macroscopic atomic ensembles at room temperature (Krauter et al 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 080503). This experiment included the preparation of entangled states which are continuously available during a time interval of 1 h. Here, we present additional material, further-reaching data and an extension of the theory developed in Muschik et al (2011 Phys. Rev. A 83 052312). In particular, we show how the combination of the entangling dissipative mechanism with measurements can give rise to a substantial improvement of the generated entanglement in the presence of noise.
Up to now, the lifetime of experimentally demonstrated entangled states has been limited due to their fragility under decoherence and dissipation. Therefore, they are created under strict isolation conditions. In contrast, new approaches harness the coupling of the system to the environment, which drives the system into the desired state. Following these ideas, we present a robust method for generating steady-state entanglement between two distant atomic ensembles. The proposed scheme relies on the interaction of the two atomic systems with the common vacuum modes of an electromagnetic field which act as an engineered environment. We develop the theoretical framework for two-level systems, including dipole-dipole interactions, and complement it by considering its implementation in multilevel ground states. Based on these results, the realization of entanglement generation by engineered dissipation has been experimentally demonstrated [H. Krauter, C. A. Muschik, K. Jensen, W. Wasilewski, J. M. Petersen, J. I. Cirac, and E. S. Polzik, e-print arXiv:1006.4344].
Entanglement is a striking feature of quantum mechanics and an essential ingredient in most applications in quantum information. Typically, coupling of a system to an environment inhibits entanglement, particularly in macroscopic systems. Here we report on an experiment, where dissipation continuously generates entanglement between two macroscopic objects. This is achieved by engineering the dissipation using laser- and magnetic fields, and leads to robust event-ready entanglement maintained for 0.04s at room temperature. Our system consists of two ensembles containing about 10^{12} atoms and separated by 0.5m coupled to the environment composed of the vacuum modes of the electromagnetic field. By combining the dissipative mechanism with a continuous measurement, steady state entanglement is continuously generated and observed for up to an hour.
Entanglement is a striking feature of quantum mechanics and an essential ingredient in most applications in quantum information. Typically, coupling of a system to an environment inhibits entanglement, particularly in macroscopic systems. Here we report on an experiment where dissipation continuously generates entanglement between two macroscopic objects. This is achieved by engineering the dissipation using laser and magnetic fields, and leads to robust event-ready entanglement maintained for 0.04 s at room temperature. Our system consists of two ensembles containing about 10(12) atoms and separated by 0.5 m coupled to the environment composed of the vacuum modes of the electromagnetic field. By combining the dissipative mechanism with a continuous measurement, steady state entanglement is continuously generated and observed for up to 1 h.
An attractive approach for stabilizing entangled many-body spin states is to employ engineered dissipation. Most existing proposals either target relatively simple collective spin states or require numerous independent and complex dissipative processes. Here, we show a surprisingly versatile scheme for many-body reservoir engineering that relies solely on fully collective single-excitation decay, augmented with local Hamiltonian terms. Crucially, all these ingredients are readily available in cavity QED setups. Our method is based on splitting the spin system into groups of subensembles and provides an easily tunable setup for stabilizing a broad family of pure, highly entangled states with closed-form analytic descriptions. Our results have immediate application to multiensemble quantum metrology, enabling Heisenberg-limited sensing of field gradients and curvatures. Notably, our approach solves an important challenge in differential quantum sensing by providing an example of Heisenberg-limited differential sensing immune to common-mode noise and accessible with only simple one-body measurements. The same setup also allows the stabilization of an entire family of entangled states in a one-dimensional chain of spin ensembles with symmetry-protected topological order and has a direct connection to the outputs of sequential unitary circuits. A special case of our protocol efficiently stabilizes the celebrated Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki state.
Experiments have reported the entanglement of two spatially separated macroscopic atomic ensembles at room temperature (Krauter et al 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 080503; Julsgaard et al 2001 Nature 413 400). We show how an Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) paradox is realizable with this experiment. Our proposed test involves violation of an inferred Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which is a sufficient condition for an EPR paradox. This is a stronger test of nonlocality than entanglement. Our proposal would enable the first definitive confirmation of quantum EPR paradox correlations between two macroscopic objects at room temperature. This is a necessary intermediate step towards a nonlocal experiment with causal measurement separations. As well as having fundamental significance, the realization of an atomic EPR paradox could provide a resource for novel applications in quantum technology.