Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Osnove analitičkih modela 1D i 2D Ising modela

Stjepan Pavić

Published Sep 27, 2018• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Ising model is a description given for a set of magnetic mooments on a grid. This thesis presents exact analytical solutions for one-dimensional Ising model using the matrix transfer method and two-dimensional model using combinatorial method. Further on it shows Baxter’s star-triangle transformations and a c++ code for Monte-Carlo simulation over Metropolis algorithm showing the dynamics of a 2D square lattice for different temperatures. The goal is to show mathematical method for solving initially easy to setup, but very hard to solve problems that have direct impact on physics and describe feromagnetic/paramagnetic phase transtition.

Related papers

Combinatorial approach to exactly solve the 1D Ising model

Swarnadeep Seth

Abstract The Ising model is a well known statistical model which can be solved exactly by various methods. The most familiar one is the transfer matrix method. Sometimes it can be difficult to approach the open boundary case rather than periodic boundary ones in higher dimensions. But physically it is more intuitive to study the open boundary case, as it gives a closer view of the real system. We have introduced a new method called the pairing method to determine the exact partition function for the simplest case, a 1D Ising lattice. This method simplifies the problem's complexities and reduces it to a pure combinatorial problem. The study also reveals that it is possible to apply this pairing method in the case of a 2D square lattice. The obtained results agree perfectly with the values in the literature and this new approach provides an algorithmic insight to deal with such problems.

European Journal of Physics•Dec 13, 2016•9 citations

Computational Analysis of 3D Ising Model Using Metropolis Algorithms

Artur Falqueto Sonsin, M R Cortes, D.R.M. Nunes +2 more

We simulate the Ising Model with the Monte Carlo method and use the algorithms of Metropolis to update the distribution of spins. We found that, in the specific case of the three-dimensional Ising Model, methods of Metropolis are efficient. Studying the system near the point of phase transition, we observe that the magnetization goes to zero. In our simulations we analyzed the behavior of the magnetization and magnetic susceptibility to verify the phase transition in a paramagnetic to ferromagnetic material. The behavior of the magnetization and of the magnetic susceptibility as a function of the temperature suggest a phase transition around KT/J ≈ 4.5 and was evidenced the problem of finite size of the lattice to work with large lattice.

Journal of Physics Conference Series•Jul 15, 2015•9 citations

Exact solution of the two-dimensional (2D) Ising model at an external magnetic field

Zhang Zhi-dong

The exact solution of the two-dimensional (2D) Ising model at an external magnetic field is derived by a modified Clifford algebraic approach. At first, the transfer matrices are analyzed in three representations, i.e., Clifford algebraic representation, transfer tensor representation and schematic representation, to inspect nonlocal effects in this many-body interacting system. It is ensured that nontrivial topological structures exist in this system, which is analogous to (but different with) those in the three-dimensional (3D) Ising model at zero magnetic field. Therefore, the approaches developed for the 3D Ising models are modified to be appropriable for solving analytically the solution of the 2D Ising model at a magnetic field. An additional rotation, serving as a topological Lorentz transformation, is applied for dealing with the topological problems in the present system. The rotation angle for the transformation is determined by Yang-Baxter relations and a subsequent average of rotation angles treating the linear change of the topological actions. Application of a magnetic field increases the magnetization, shifting the critical point to higher temperatures. At the temperature above the critical point, the magnetization keeps zero until a critical field at which it jumps rapidly as a first-order magnetization process. The partition function and the magnetization obtained are helpful for understanding the physical properties, in particular, the magnetization processes of the 2D magnetic materials.

arXiv:2512.16935•Dec 12, 2025•0 citations

Exact Solution Of The Ising Model On The 15 X 15 Square Lattice With Free Boundary Conditions

Seung‐Yeon Kim

The square-lattice Ising model is the simplest system showing phase transitions (the transition between the paramagnetic phase and the ferromagnetic phase and the transition between the paramagnetic phase and the antiferromagnetic phase) and critical phenomena at finite temperatures. The exact solution of the squarelattice Ising model with free boundary conditions is not known for systems of arbitrary size. For the first time, the exact solution of the Ising model on the square lattice with free boundary conditions is obtained after classifying all ) spin configurations with the microcanonical transfer matrix. Also, the phase transitions and critical phenomena of the square-lattice Ising model are discussed using the exact solution on the square lattice with free boundary conditions.

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Mathematical, Computational, Physical, Electrical and Computer Engineering•Nov 20, 2011•0 citations

On Ising models

Hoede, C., Zandvliet, Henricus J.W.

For various Ising models two approaches are discussed, one is that of simulating lattices, also called gauging on exact equations, the other is that of calculating analytical expressions for the boundary free energy of Ising lattices. The first approach allows to conjecture a solution for some Ising models, that have sofar not been solved, once some exact partial result for the problem is known. The second approach aims at furnishing such a partial result in the form of a condition for the critical temperature. An example of such a result was recently given for the 2D Ising square lattice with nearest and next-nearest-neighbor interactions. The critical line that separates the ordered (ferromagnetic) phase from the disordered (paramagnetic) phase showed good agreement in the moderate and strong nearest neighbor coupling limit with several results obtained by Monte Carlo, transfer matrix and series expansion results. We extend the discussion of the critical line, finding an excellent fit, now also in other points, like the Padé point, as well as cusp behavior at the Onsager point where the lattice decouples into two 2D square lattices with only nearest-neighbor interaction. Combination of this result with a geometrical argument in the simulation approach leads to a critical exponent $2-\sqrt{2} \approx 0.5858,$ comparable to the exponent $4/7 \approx 0.5714$ found from renormalization arguments.

•Jun 1, 2006•0 citations

A Monte Carlo Implementation of the Ising Model in Python

Alexey Khorev

This article explores an implementation of the 2D Ising model using the Metropolis algorithm in the Python programming language. The goal of this work was to explore the scope of behaviours this model can demonstrate through a simplistic implementation on a relatively low-end machine. The Ising model itself is particularly interesting as it demonstrates relatively complex behaviours of ferromagnetics e.g. the second-order phase transition in spite of its simplicity. To study the specifics of this model several parameters were measured (namely the net magnetization and energy, the specific heat and correlation function) and a visualization of the grid was implemented. The simulations demonstrated an easily observable phase transition near critical temperature on a 100 × 100 Ising grid with the measured parameters behaving nearly as predicted by the exact solution developed for this model.

•Oct 1, 2017•0 citations
Ising model is a description given for a set of magnetic mooments on a grid. This thesis presents exact analytical solutions for one-dimensional Ising model using the matrix transfer method and two-dimensional model using combinatorial method. Further on it shows Baxter’s star-triangle transformations and a c++ code for Monte-Carlo simulation over Metropolis algorithm showing the dynamics of a 2D square lattice for different temperatures. The goal is to show mathematical method for solving initially easy to setup, but very hard to solve problems that have direct impact on physics and describe feromagnetic/paramagnetic phase transtition.
Abstract The Ising model is a well known statistical model which can be solved exactly by various methods. The most familiar one is the transfer matrix method. Sometimes it can be difficult to approach the open boundary case rather than periodic boundary ones in higher dimensions. But physically it is more intuitive to study the open boundary case, as it gives a closer view of the real system. We have introduced a new method called the pairing method to determine the exact partition function for the simplest case, a 1D Ising lattice. This method simplifies the problem's complexities and reduces it to a pure combinatorial problem. The study also reveals that it is possible to apply this pairing method in the case of a 2D square lattice. The obtained results agree perfectly with the values in the literature and this new approach provides an algorithmic insight to deal with such problems.
We simulate the Ising Model with the Monte Carlo method and use the algorithms of Metropolis to update the distribution of spins. We found that, in the specific case of the three-dimensional Ising Model, methods of Metropolis are efficient. Studying the system near the point of phase transition, we observe that the magnetization goes to zero. In our simulations we analyzed the behavior of the magnetization and magnetic susceptibility to verify the phase transition in a paramagnetic to ferromagnetic material. The behavior of the magnetization and of the magnetic susceptibility as a function of the temperature suggest a phase transition around KT/J ≈ 4.5 and was evidenced the problem of finite size of the lattice to work with large lattice.
The exact solution of the two-dimensional (2D) Ising model at an external magnetic field is derived by a modified Clifford algebraic approach. At first, the transfer matrices are analyzed in three representations, i.e., Clifford algebraic representation, transfer tensor representation and schematic representation, to inspect nonlocal effects in this many-body interacting system. It is ensured that nontrivial topological structures exist in this system, which is analogous to (but different with) those in the three-dimensional (3D) Ising model at zero magnetic field. Therefore, the approaches developed for the 3D Ising models are modified to be appropriable for solving analytically the solution of the 2D Ising model at a magnetic field. An additional rotation, serving as a topological Lorentz transformation, is applied for dealing with the topological problems in the present system. The rotation angle for the transformation is determined by Yang-Baxter relations and a subsequent average of rotation angles treating the linear change of the topological actions. Application of a magnetic field increases the magnetization, shifting the critical point to higher temperatures. At the temperature above the critical point, the magnetization keeps zero until a critical field at which it jumps rapidly as a first-order magnetization process. The partition function and the magnetization obtained are helpful for understanding the physical properties, in particular, the magnetization processes of the 2D magnetic materials.
The square-lattice Ising model is the simplest system showing phase transitions (the transition between the paramagnetic phase and the ferromagnetic phase and the transition between the paramagnetic phase and the antiferromagnetic phase) and critical phenomena at finite temperatures. The exact solution of the squarelattice Ising model with free boundary conditions is not known for systems of arbitrary size. For the first time, the exact solution of the Ising model on the square lattice with free boundary conditions is obtained after classifying all ) spin configurations with the microcanonical transfer matrix. Also, the phase transitions and critical phenomena of the square-lattice Ising model are discussed using the exact solution on the square lattice with free boundary conditions.
For various Ising models two approaches are discussed, one is that of simulating lattices, also called gauging on exact equations, the other is that of calculating analytical expressions for the boundary free energy of Ising lattices. The first approach allows to conjecture a solution for some Ising models, that have sofar not been solved, once some exact partial result for the problem is known. The second approach aims at furnishing such a partial result in the form of a condition for the critical temperature. An example of such a result was recently given for the 2D Ising square lattice with nearest and next-nearest-neighbor interactions. The critical line that separates the ordered (ferromagnetic) phase from the disordered (paramagnetic) phase showed good agreement in the moderate and strong nearest neighbor coupling limit with several results obtained by Monte Carlo, transfer matrix and series expansion results. We extend the discussion of the critical line, finding an excellent fit, now also in other points, like the Padé point, as well as cusp behavior at the Onsager point where the lattice decouples into two 2D square lattices with only nearest-neighbor interaction. Combination of this result with a geometrical argument in the simulation approach leads to a critical exponent 2−2≈0.5858,2-\sqrt{2} \approx 0.5858,2−2​≈0.5858, comparable to the exponent 4/7≈0.57144/7 \approx 0.57144/7≈0.5714 found from renormalization arguments.
This article explores an implementation of the 2D Ising model using the Metropolis algorithm in the Python programming language. The goal of this work was to explore the scope of behaviours this model can demonstrate through a simplistic implementation on a relatively low-end machine. The Ising model itself is particularly interesting as it demonstrates relatively complex behaviours of ferromagnetics e.g. the second-order phase transition in spite of its simplicity. To study the specifics of this model several parameters were measured (namely the net magnetization and energy, the specific heat and correlation function) and a visualization of the grid was implemented. The simulations demonstrated an easily observable phase transition near critical temperature on a 100 × 100 Ising grid with the measured parameters behaving nearly as predicted by the exact solution developed for this model.