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IEEE Access

Optimized Coherent State Based Quantum Cryptography With High Robust for Networks Deployment

Ming Li, Tianyi Wang

Published Jan 1, 2019• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum cryptography enables unconditional security, which would be one of most promising techniques for the internet of things networks deployment. While backwards existing in the realistic systems may be explored by the eavesdroppers, thus threatening the information security. We present a coherent state based quantum cryptography protocol, which has capability of high robust. Concretely, real local oscillator and discrete modulation strategies are adopted for such purpose. The former circumvents the side-channel attack effectively, and the latter providers long transmission distance. Numerical simulations are performed, during which the optimized modulation variance is taken into account to achieve long transmission distance and high secrete key rate. The results reveal that phase mismatch and weak reference pulse resulting from the real local oscillator will degrade the performance, as well as voltage fluctuation from the modulator. Also, discrete modulation with more states may outperform over those less states in secret key rate for short transmission range.

DOI
10.1109/access.2019.2933038

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The cryptographic communication has a lot of important applications, particularly in the magnificent prospects of private communication. As one knows, the security of cryptographic channel depends crucially on the secrecy of the key. The Vernam cipher is the only cipher system which has guaranteed security. In that system the key must be as long as the message and most be used only once. Quantum cryptography is a method whereby key secrecy can be guaranteed by a physical law. So it is impossible, even in principle, to eavesdrop on such channels. Quantum cryptography has been developed in recent years. Up to now, many schemes of quantum cryptography have been proposed. Now one of the main problems in this field is how to increase transmission distance. In order to use quantum nature of light, up to now proposed schemes all use very dim light pulses. The average photon number is about 0.1. Because of the loss of the optical fiber, it is difficult for the quantum cryptography based on one photon level or on dim light to realize quantum key-distribution over long distance. A quantum key distribution based on coherent state is introduced in this paper. Here we discuss the feasibility and security of this scheme.

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Continuous variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) using a local-local oscillator (LLO) is recently proposed to overcome security issues in conventional CV-QKD systems. However, Eve can manipulate the phase or amplitude of the phase reference pulse (PRP) transmitted over the insecure quantum channel, which has opened the door to new security issues. Maintaining optimal performance and preventing Eve’s activities on the quantum channel depends on such a choice of modulation technique. In this paper, the performance of CV-QKD employing LLO over the free space optical (FSO) channel under weak turbulence conditions is investigated. Channel transmittance is introduced into the system model according to the log-negative Weibull distribution. We have adopted the trusted noise model and included the channel phase distortion in the excess noise calculations. We have also evaluated the secret key rate (SKR) using Gaussian modulation (GM) and discrete modulation (DM) protocols. We have reported the superiority of GM in achieving the highest SKR over long distances with the optimum choice of the modulation variance under Eve’s attack on the PRP. Moreover, we analyzed phase and amplitude attacks on the PRP and showed that phase attacks are more severe and deteriorate the communication link more rapidly than amplitude attacks.

IEEE Access•Jan 1, 2022•9 citations
Quantum cryptography enables unconditional security, which would be one of most promising techniques for the internet of things networks deployment. While backwards existing in the realistic systems may be explored by the eavesdroppers, thus threatening the information security. We present a coherent state based quantum cryptography protocol, which has capability of high robust. Concretely, real local oscillator and discrete modulation strategies are adopted for such purpose. The former circumvents the side-channel attack effectively, and the latter providers long transmission distance. Numerical simulations are performed, during which the optimized modulation variance is taken into account to achieve long transmission distance and high secrete key rate. The results reveal that phase mismatch and weak reference pulse resulting from the real local oscillator will degrade the performance, as well as voltage fluctuation from the modulator. Also, discrete modulation with more states may outperform over those less states in secret key rate for short transmission range.
Security of continuous-variable quantum key distribution with four-state protocol based on discrete modulation of noisy coherent states is analyzed. Combing discrete modulation and reverse reconciliation, this protocol can be used for long distance cryptography. There is a small difference between the state Alice sends in the discrete modulation protocol and the Gaussian modulation protocol, and it can be treated as excess noise and loss in the channel. As Alice cannot do a precise modulation, she will induce noise to the coherent state. We look this noise as the source noise and derive a lower bound to the secure key rate assuming the eavesdropper cannot benefit from the noise in the source. For avoiding the fast and random phase locking between the signal and local oscillator in experiment, we also analyze the security of four-state protocol using no-switching scheme.
Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) with a real local oscillator (LO) experiences a phase attack security challenge due to the reference pulses transmitted along with quantum signals over an unsecure quantum channel. In this paper, a phase attack on reference pulses of CV-QKD with a real LO is investigated. The performance of the discrete-modulated (DM) CV-QKD under this attack is analyzed analytically and by simulation, and compared with the Gaussian-modulated (GM) CV-QKD. It is found that such an attack by an eavesdropper's, significantly reduce the transmission distance for the GM based CV-QKD, whereas, the DM based CV-QKD shows a high tolerance to high phase noise. Based on phase attack monitoring, a new adaptive modulation scheme is proposed for CV-QKD to adaptively switch between GM and DM so as to maintain the optimum secret key rate.
Continuous-variable quantum key distribution is a practical application of quantum information theory that is aimed at generation of secret cryptographic key between two remote trusted parties and that uses multi-photon quantum states as carriers of key bits. Remote parties share the secret key via a quantum channel, that presumably is under control of of an eavesdropper, and which properties must be taken into account in the security analysis. Well-studied fiber-optical quantum channels commonly possess stable transmittance and low noise levels, while free-space channels represent a simpler, less demanding and more flexible alternative, but suffer from atmospheric effects such as turbulence that in particular causes a non-uniform transmittance distribution referred to as fading. Nonetheless free-space channels, providing an unobstructed line-of-sight, are more apt for short, mid-range and potentially long-range (using satellites) communication and will play an important role in the future development and implementation of QKD networks. It was previously theoretically shown that coherent-state CV QKD should be in principle possible to implement over a free-space fading channel, but strong transmittance fluctuations result in the significant modulation-dependent channel excess noise. In this regime the post-selection of highly transmitting sub-channels may be needed, which can even restore the security of the protocol in the strongly turbulent channels. We now report the first proof-of-principle experimental test of coherent state CV QKD protocol using different levels Gaussian modulation over a mid-range (1.6-kilometer long) free-space atmospheric quantum channel. The transmittance of the link was characterized using intensity measurements for the reference but channel estimation using the modulated coherent states was also studied. We consider security against Gaussian collective attacks, that were shown to be optimal against CV QKD protocols . We assumed a general entangling cloner collective attack (modeled using data obtained from the state measurement results on both trusted sides of the protocol), that allows to purify the noise added in the quantum channel . Our security analysis of coherent-state protocol also took into account the effect of imperfect channel estimation, limited post-processing efficiency and finite data ensemble size on the performance of the protocol. In this regime we observe the positive key rate even without the need of applying post-selection. We show the positive improvement of the key rate with increase of the modulation variance, still remaining low enough to tolerate the transmittance fluctuations. The obtained results show that coherent-state CV QKD protocol that uses real free-space atmospheric channel can withstand negative influence of transmittance fluctuations, limited post-processing efficiency, imperfect channel estimation and other finite-size effects, and be successfully implemented. Our result paves the way to the full-scale implementation of the CV QKD in real free-space channels at mid-range distances.
The cryptographic communication has a lot of important applications, particularly in the magnificent prospects of private communication. As one knows, the security of cryptographic channel depends crucially on the secrecy of the key. The Vernam cipher is the only cipher system which has guaranteed security. In that system the key must be as long as the message and most be used only once. Quantum cryptography is a method whereby key secrecy can be guaranteed by a physical law. So it is impossible, even in principle, to eavesdrop on such channels. Quantum cryptography has been developed in recent years. Up to now, many schemes of quantum cryptography have been proposed. Now one of the main problems in this field is how to increase transmission distance. In order to use quantum nature of light, up to now proposed schemes all use very dim light pulses. The average photon number is about 0.1. Because of the loss of the optical fiber, it is difficult for the quantum cryptography based on one photon level or on dim light to realize quantum key-distribution over long distance. A quantum key distribution based on coherent state is introduced in this paper. Here we discuss the feasibility and security of this scheme.
Continuous variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) using a local-local oscillator (LLO) is recently proposed to overcome security issues in conventional CV-QKD systems. However, Eve can manipulate the phase or amplitude of the phase reference pulse (PRP) transmitted over the insecure quantum channel, which has opened the door to new security issues. Maintaining optimal performance and preventing Eve’s activities on the quantum channel depends on such a choice of modulation technique. In this paper, the performance of CV-QKD employing LLO over the free space optical (FSO) channel under weak turbulence conditions is investigated. Channel transmittance is introduced into the system model according to the log-negative Weibull distribution. We have adopted the trusted noise model and included the channel phase distortion in the excess noise calculations. We have also evaluated the secret key rate (SKR) using Gaussian modulation (GM) and discrete modulation (DM) protocols. We have reported the superiority of GM in achieving the highest SKR over long distances with the optimum choice of the modulation variance under Eve’s attack on the PRP. Moreover, we analyzed phase and amplitude attacks on the PRP and showed that phase attacks are more severe and deteriorate the communication link more rapidly than amplitude attacks.