Atti della Accademia Peloritana dei Pericolanti. Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali/Atti della Accademia Peloritana dei Pericolanti, Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali
In the environment there exists a continuous interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter. So, atoms continuously interact with the photons of the environmental electromagnetic fields. This electromagnetic interaction is a consequence of thermal non-equilibrium. It introduces an element of randomness into atomic and molecular motion, which leads to the decrease of the path probability required for the microscopic reversibility of evolution. Recently, an energy footprint has been theoretically proven in the atomic electron-photon interaction, as well as the well known spectroscopic phase shift effect and the results on the irreversibility of the electromagnetic interaction with atoms and molecules, experimentally obtained by R.O. Doyle in 1968. Here, we want to show that such a quantum footprint is nothing more than the generation of time.
In the environment there exists a continuous interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter. So, atoms continuously interact with the photons of the environmental electromagnetic fields. This electromagnetic interaction is a consequence of thermal non-equilibrium. It introduces an element of randomness into atomic and molecular motion, which leads to the decrease of the path probability required for the microscopic reversibility of evolution. Recently, an energy footprint has been theoretically proven in the atomic electron-photon interaction, as well as the well known spectroscopic phase shift effect and the results on the irreversibility of the electromagnetic interaction with atoms and molecules, experimentally obtained by R.O. Doyle in 1968. Here, we want to show that such a quantum footprint is nothing more than the generation of time.
In the environment, there exists a continuous interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter. So, atoms continuously interact with the photons of the environmental electromagnetic fields. This electromagnetic interaction is the consequence of the continuous and universal thermal non-equilibrium, that introduces an element of randomness to atomic and molecular motion. Consequently, a decreasing of path probability required for microscopic reversibility of evolution occurs. Recently, an energy footprint has been theoretically proven in the atomic electron-photon interaction, related to the well known spectroscopic phase shift effect, and the results on the irreversibility of the electromagnetic interaction with atoms and molecules, experimentally obtained in the late sixties. Here, we want to show how this quantum footprint is the "origin of time". Last, the result obtained represents also a response to the question introduced by Einstein on the analysis of the interaction between radiation and molecules when thermal radiation is considered; he highlighted that in general one restricts oneself to a discussion of the energy exchange, without taking the momentum exchange into account. Our result has been obtained just introducing the momentum into the quantum analysis.
In classical thermodynamic processes the unavoidable presence of irreversibility, quantified by the entropy production, carries two energetic footprints: the reduction of extractable work from the optimal, reversible case, and the generation of a surplus of heat that is irreversibly dissipated to the environment. Recently it has been shown that in the quantum regime an additional quantum irreversibility occurs that is linked to decoherence into the energy basis. Here we employ quantum trajectories to construct distributions for classical heat and quantum heat exchanges, and show that the heat footprint of quantum irreversibility differs markedly from the classical case. We also quantify how quantum irreversibility reduces the amount of work that can be extracted from a state with coherences. Our results show that decoherence leads to both entropic and energetic footprints which both play an important role in the optimization of controlled quantum operations at low temperature. In classical thermodynamics irreversibility occurs whenever a non-thermal system is brought into contact with a thermal environment. Using quantum trajectories the authors here establish two energetic footprints of quantum irreversible processes, and find that while quantum irreversibility leads to the occurrence of a quantum heat and a reduction of work production, the two are not linked in the same manner as the classical laws of thermodynamics would dictate.
The quantum zeno effect slows down the quantum system's time evolution under frequent measurements. This paper aims to study this quantum effect by introducing the definition of time based on an irreversible thermodynamic analysis of quantum systems. Consequently, the quantum zeno effect requires (i) high values of the electromagnetic entropy generation rate related to the spontaneously down-converted light and (ii) a decrease in the quantum system's entropy value. So, the quantum zeno effect is a quantum process related to the interaction between a quantum system and the electromagnetic waves of the measurement device, causing a quantum thermodynamic stationary state. Last, the fundamental role of irreversibility emerges.
The states of the atom, determined by the motion of electrons, are stationary in the presence of all internal atomic forces and of interactions with constant external fields. When electrons interact with the field associated with electromagnetic radiation, the atomic states are no longer stationary, and the time-dependent perturbation treatment has to be applied to calculate the effect produced by the radiation, which is a function of time. Consequently, as shown in Section 9.3 , the time evolution of the atom will be described in terms of transitions between the stationary states of the unperturbed atomic system.
The nature of the problem The quantum world is inexplicable in classical terms. The predictions pertaining to the interaction of matter and light embodied in Newton's laws for the motion of particles and Maxwell's equations governing the propagation of electromagnetic fields are in flat contradiction with the experimental facts at the microscopic scale. A key feature of quantum effects is their apparent indeterminism, that individual atomic events are unpredictable, uncontrollable and literally seem to have no cause. Regularities emerge only when one considers a large ensemble of such events. This indeed is generally considered to constitute the heart of the conceptual problem posed by quantum phenomena, necessitating a fundamental revision of the deterministic classical world view. Some of the principal phenomena, among those discussed in this book, are as follows: ( a ) Self-interference: a beam of electrons sent one at a time through a barrier containing two apertures builds up through a series of localized detection events on a screen an interference pattern characteristic of waves (cf. the frontispiece and §5.1). ( b ) Tunnelling: an α-particle trapped in a nucleus can pass through a potential barrier in a manner forbidden to a classical particle (§5.3). ( c ) The stability of matter: atoms and molecules are found to exist only in certain discrete, or ‘stationary’, energy states. For this reason they do not ‘collapse’, the result predicted by classical electrodynamics. During transitions between stationary states (quantum jumps) an atom exchanges a discrete quantity of energy with the electromagnetic field (§§4.5, 7.6). […]
Electromagnetic Radiation 20time reversal, for the motion equations of quantum mechanics and the Hamiltonian of electromagnetic interaction are unchanged under time reversal.However, most processes related to laser and nonlinear optics are actually high nonequilibrium ones.As we known that time reversal symmetry will generally be violated in non-equilibrium processes.It is proved in this paper that after the retarded effect of radiation fields is taken into account, the time reversal symmetry will be violated in light's high order stimulated radiation and absorption processes with ml lm BB , although the Hamiltonian of electromagnetic interaction is still unchanged under time reversal.The transition probability of third order process is calculated and the revised formula of nonlinear optics polarizability is deduced in this paper.Many phenomena of time reversal symmetry violation in non-linear optics just as sum frequency, double frequency, different frequencies, double stable states, self-focusing and self-defocusing, echo phenomena, as well as optical self-transparence and self absorptions and so on are analyzed.The reason to cause symmetry violation is that some filial or partial transition processes of bounding state atoms are forbidden or can't be achieved due to the law of energy conservation.These restrictions can cause the symmetry violation of time reversal of other partial transition processes which can be actualized really.These realizable filial or partial processes which violate time reversal symmetry generally are just the practically observed physical processes.The symmetry violation is also relative to the initial state's asymmetries of bounding atoms before and after time reversal.For the electromagnetic interaction between non-bounding atoms and radiation fields, there is no this kind of symmetry violation of time reversal.For example, in the experiments of particle physics in accelerators, we can not observe the symmetry violation of time reversal.At last, the influences of symmetry violation of time reversal on the foundation theory of laser and non-equilibrium statistical physics are discussed.The phenomena of producing laser without the reversion of particle population and transition without radiation can be well explained.The result indicates that the irreversibility of evolution processes of macrosystems originates from the irreversibility of micro-processes.The irreversibility paradox can be eliminated thoroughly.By introducing retarded electromagnetic interaction, the forces between classical changed particles are not conservative ones.Based on them, we can establish the revised Liouville equation which is irreversible under time reversal.In this way, we can lay a really rational dynamic foundation for classical non-equilibrium statistical mechanics. The transition probability of the first order processFor simplification, we consider an atom with an electron in its external layer.Electron's mass is , charge is q .When there is no external interaction, the Hamiltonian and the wave function of electron are individually 2 2 0 ˆ2 HU r m 1 0 n Et n en (1) www.intechopen.comRetarded Electromagnetic Interaction and Symmetry Violation of Time Reversal in High Order Stimulated Radiation and Absorption Processes of Lights as Well as Nonlinear Optics ... 21 After external electromagnetic field is introduced, the interaction Hamiltonian is 2 2 2 ˆˆ ˆ2 qq HA pA q c c How to reference In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following: Mei Xiaochun (2012).Retarded Electromagnetic Interaction and Symmetry Violation of Time Reversal in High Order Stimulated Radiation and Absorption Processes of Lights as well as Nonlinear Optics -Influence on Fundamental Theory of Laser and Non-Equilibrium Statistical Physi, Electromagnetic Radiation, Prof. S. O.