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Nonlinear Optics

Quantum correlated photon-pair generation in silicon waveguides with on-chip notch filtering of pump laser

Jung Jin Ju, Jong-Moo Lee, Wook‐Jae Lee, Minsu Kim

Published Jan 1, 2019• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We integrate a silicon waveguide spiral followed by on-chip cascaded Mach-Zehnder interferometers(MZIs) on a single chip. The silicon waveguide generates photon pairs by spontaneous four-wave mixing and the MZI filters separate the co-propagating pump (tel: +1 202.416.6191, e-mail: cstech@osa.org). © 2019 The Author(s)

DOI
10.1364/nlo.2019.ntu4a.27

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We integrate a silicon waveguide spiral followed by on-chip cascaded Mach-Zehnder interferometers(MZIs) on a single chip. The silicon waveguide generates photon pairs by spontaneous four-wave mixing and the MZI filters separate the co-propagating pump (tel: +1 202.416.6191, e-mail: cstech@osa.org). © 2019 The Author(s)
Quantum technologies that harness the properties of superposition and entanglement promise to revolutionise many fields, from information processing to metrology. Silicon-integrated quantum photonics operating in the telecom band suffers from deleterious two-photon absorption (TPA) [1,2]. Cross-TPA reduces the brightness and ultimately the heralding efficiency [3] of spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) photon-pair sources, where single photons necessarily co-propagate with a bright pump. Nonlinear losses can be mitigated by pumping and generating photons with energies close to and beyond silicon's two-photon band edge [4,5]. We report the first quantum-correlated photon pairs in the 2.1 μm short-wave infrared (SWIR) band, produced on-chip from a silicon waveguide spiral.
Integrated sources of indistinguishable photons have garnered significant attention due to their applications in optical quantum computing, quantum communication and quantum networks. However, photons generated from spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) always occur in pairs, which need to be split into different modes for further applications. Here, we present a quantum splitter for degenerate photon pairs based on a silicon photonic chip. This device incorporates a Sagnac loop, two asymmetrical Mach-Zehnder interferometers (AMZIs), and a spiral waveguide. The spiral waveguide generates pairs of photons, the Sagnac loop facilitates bidirectional pumping of the source, and the two AMZIs enables the extraction of photons from the pump light. The photons generated from two directions interfere at a balanced multi-mode interferemeter (MMI) to enable the reversed Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) effect to take place. Our experimental results demonstrated an on-chip interference visibility of 96.63% and an off-chip HOM dip visibility of 90.93%, indicating that the generated photons are well-suited for further integration with other components in quantum applications.
Large-scale quantum photonic circuits require integrating multiple single-photon sources, which are typically based on spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) in spiral waveguides or microring resonators (MRRs). Photons can be generated in both clockwise (CW) and counterclockwise (CCW) orientations from a single source in a Sagnac configuration, showing promise for improving scalability. In this work, we propose a fully integrable scheme for bidirectional creation and usage of single photons. This concept is based on two asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometers (AMZIs) integrated within the Sagnac loop. As a proof of concept, we fabricated a device with a spiral waveguide on a silicon chip and demonstrated its application as a quantum splitter and two multi-wavelength quantum light sources.
Correlated single photons provide a means to drive applications such as quantum computing and quantum communications. Correlated single photons can be generated via parametric down conversion in second–order nonlinear media or spontaneous four–wave mixing in third–order nonlinear media. In particular, complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology allows for seamless integration with electronics, providing the potential for a completely on-chip solution for quantum information processing. Ultra–silicon–rich nitride platform is a backend CMOS compatible platform, that has already been used to obtain high gain optical parametric amplification, wideband supercontinuum and enhanced nonlinearity in photonic crystal waveguides due to its large nonlinearity. In this work, we demonstrate correlated photon pair generation based on spontaneous four–wave mixing using ultra-silicon-rich nitride waveguides for the application in CMOS–based optical quantum technologies. A CW pump at a wavelength of 1555.747nm amplified using an EDFA is filtered through five wavelength division multiplexers (WDM) with a bandwidth of 1.2nm, providing 175dB suppression of EDFA induced pump sideband noise. The filtered quasi–TE pump, adjusted using a fiber polarization controller, is coupled into an ultra–silicon–rich nitride waveguide using a lensed fiber. A SiO2 cladded waveguide with a width of 550nm and height of 300nm possesses a high nonlinear parameter of 530W^-1/m with anomalous dispersion necessary for spontaneous four-wave mixing. The waveguide output is coupled into a lensed fiber and 7 cascaded WDMs are used to provide 245dB of residual pump filtration. The pump–suppressed output is spectrally separated into signal/idler part using WDMs. We refer to lower (higher) frequency photon as the signal (idler). The spontaneously generated signal and idler photons are filtered using cascaded tunable band pass filters (OTF) centered at 1571.24nm and cascaded WDMs centered at 1540.56nm, respectively. The bandwidth of the tunable OTF and WDM is 0.5nm and 1.2nm, therefore the correlated signal/idler photons are observed within the bandwidth window of 0.5nm induced by the OTF. The signal and idler photons are measured using InGaAs/InP avalanche photodetectors. The time correlation between signal and idler photons is obtained using a time interval analyzer with a detection efficiency of 20% and dead time of 15μs.The time bin is set to 81ps and the photon collection time is 240s. The coincidence peak is located ~11ns in the time–bin histogram due to the optical-path difference between the tunable OTF and WDM at respective signal and idler sides. The experimental raw coincidence counts (Hz), calculated by subtracting the accidental rate from the coincidence peak, show a quadratic increase with respect to coupled pump power. At the maximum coupled power of 5mW, the raw coincidence count is ~1Hz. We achieve a raw coincidence–to–accidental ratio (CAR) of up to 3. Therefore, we succeeded to observe correlated photon pair generation based on spontaneous four–wave mixing using the ultra–silicon–rich-nitride waveguide as a CMOS compatible platform, for future applications in quantum technologies.
On-chip heralded single photon sources are of key importance in the development of chip-scale devices exploiting the quantum properties of light. Single photon states can be produced as single photons heralded from correlated photon pairs generated through spontaneous four wave mixing. On-chip heralded single photon sources based on spontaneous four wave mixing have been already demonstrated. However, the heralded and herald photons are usually generated with wavelengths very close to the pump one, limiting the pump rejection efficiency and the application to the mid infrared. Moreover, the common sources of heralded photons based on spontaneous four wave mixing require spectral post filtering to achieve high purity, limiting the brightness and the integration of these sources. A solution to these problems can be provided by intermodal four wave mixing. In this work, we demonstrate the generation of photon pairs through intermodal four wave mixing in silicon waveguides, measuring the coincidences between the idler at 1.281 μm and the signal at 1.952 μm. We then discuss the application of intermodal four wave mixing to on-chip heralded single photon sources.