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Engineering & Technology

Quantum radars expose stealth planes

H. Vella

Published May 1, 2019• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Stealth planes currently go under the radar, figuratively speaking, but maybe the higher definition promised by quantum radars could be used to expose them. Radar technology has become an ever more important tool in warfare since the Second World War, used to monitor the electromagnetic spectrum to detect and track enemy aircraft, missiles, satellites and other systems that in turn have grown more sophisticated in evading detection. Building better, more sensitive and harder-to-detect radar systems remains a key focus for defence manufacturers today, especially since in October 2018 the US Navy designated the electromagnetic spectrum as a warfighting domain on par with sea, land, air, space and cyber. Last year, China's biggest defence electronics company, state-owned China Electronics Technology Group, announced it had developed a next-generation quantum radar system' that, it claimed, can detect ballistic missiles and other objects flying at high speed through space. Two years previously, the group said it had tested a quantum radar to a range of 100km (60 miles). The expectation is that quantum radar, due to the unique behaviour of quantum entanglement, could, among other things, 'un-stealth' aircraft by detecting objects with a greater level of accuracy than conventional radar. Therefore, if China's announcement is true - and it hasn't provided any evidence to back its claim - it would be a huge win for both its defence and quantum capabilities.

DOI
10.1049/et.2019.0402

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Stealth planes currently go under the radar, figuratively speaking, but maybe the higher definition promised by quantum radars could be used to expose them. Radar technology has become an ever more important tool in warfare since the Second World War, used to monitor the electromagnetic spectrum to detect and track enemy aircraft, missiles, satellites and other systems that in turn have grown more sophisticated in evading detection. Building better, more sensitive and harder-to-detect radar systems remains a key focus for defence manufacturers today, especially since in October 2018 the US Navy designated the electromagnetic spectrum as a warfighting domain on par with sea, land, air, space and cyber. Last year, China's biggest defence electronics company, state-owned China Electronics Technology Group, announced it had developed a next-generation quantum radar system' that, it claimed, can detect ballistic missiles and other objects flying at high speed through space. Two years previously, the group said it had tested a quantum radar to a range of 100km (60 miles). The expectation is that quantum radar, due to the unique behaviour of quantum entanglement, could, among other things, 'un-stealth' aircraft by detecting objects with a greater level of accuracy than conventional radar. Therefore, if China's announcement is true - and it hasn't provided any evidence to back its claim - it would be a huge win for both its defence and quantum capabilities.
The aim of this paper is to evaluate the role of Quantum Radar in strengthening India's air defence architecture by addressing the limitations of classical radar systems against stealth and low-observable aerial threats. Air defence in the 21st century is characterised by a continuous contest between detection and evasion. While modern radars have evolved through digital beamforming, phased arrays, and frequency agility, stealth technology—through shaping, radar-absorbent coatings, and signature management—has reduced aircraft radar cross-section to unprecedented levels. For India, facing a two-front threat from technologically advanced adversaries, reliable detection of stealth aircraft, cruise missiles, and UAVs is a strategic necessity. Quantum Radar, based on Quantum Illumination principles, utilises photon entanglement and correlation to detect low-RCS targets even in high-noise and jamming environments. This paper presents a comparative evaluation of Quantum Radar with India's indigenous radar systems and examines engineering implementation prospects under the National Quantum Mission. A phased roadmap is proposed to integrate photonic and quantum sensing technologies within the Integrated Air Defence System, enabling future-ready, quantum-resilient surveillance and target acquisition capabilities for the Indian Armed Forces.
The quantum computing began with the concern of Richard Feynman to simulate the non-classical physical theories, Shor's algorithm showed the power of the quantum mechanics when solved a classical problem with it, these facts push the technology to discover and implement the quantum illumination, this discovery made a huge change in sensing theory, moreover, the implemented such as phenomena with a classical radar, make a play role in detecting strategies in sensing the stealth objects (whatever be an aircraft or drones), even more, the quantum radar can detect in an efficient way and more accuracy the natural debris outside the atmosphere, also, the quantum radar can work even though, in nosy, foggy, and high-temperature environment, all these features make the quantum radar promising emerging technology deserve to develop and enhanced in theoretical and technical ways. this paper provided a short analysis study to the most common types of quantum radar showing their cons and pros and could be used either in civil or military fields.
Quantum metrology exploits quantum phenomena to improve the measurement sensitivity. Theoretical analysis shows that quantum measurement can break through the standard quantum limits and reach super sensitivity level. Quantum radar systems based on quantum measurement can fufill not only conventional target detection and recognition tasks but also capable of detecting and identifying the RF stealth platform and weapons systems. The theoretical basis, classification, physical realization of quantum radar is discussed comprehensively in this paper. And the technology state and open questions of quantum radars is reviewed at the end.
This Paper examines novel approach the advancements in Q-dots based quantum radar technology, design considerations for its integration, and quantum radar cross section (QRCS) based on interferometric and quantum electrodynamics. In addition to performing standard target detection and recognition duties, quantum radar systems with quantum measurement assistance may also detect and identify RF stealth platforms and missile systems. In numerous fields of study, the advancement of radar technology is crucial. A quantum radar is a notion that has been developed that uses photon quantum states to gather information about a distant target. A single photon or a small group of photons is directed in the direction of the target. The target absorbs the photons, which are then re-emitted into the receiver. There are two possible approaches to carrying out the measurement procedure. An interferometric analysis can be performed.one can either count the number of photons that return or perform a measurement (or phase measurement) on the photon. Since the latter technique is called Quantum Illumination, the former is called Interferometric Quantum Radar. Entangled states or stationary quantum states of photons can be used for either of those techniques. Entangled states have been demonstrated to offer the best resolution enhancement, reaching the optimum situation. Compared to classical approaches, the advantage of adopting quantum states is that they show more degrees of correlation via which information can be obtained. These additional correlations, sometimes referred to as quantum correlations, increase the radar system's potential resolution and signal/noise ratio (SNR). Relationship research between the two photons is conducted in order to gather data. Coherent state quantum radar relies on coherent state photons and a quantum detection technique to overcome the diffraction limit. The design and operating concepts of quantum applied trends are also reviewed in this work.
Quantum radar represents a promising advancement over classical radar systems by exploiting quantum mechanical phenomena such as entanglement and quantum measurement to overcome fundamental detection limitations. This paper reviews the evolution of radar technology from conventional radar frequency systems to quantum radar architectures, with emphasis on sensitivity enhancement and detection of RF-stealth targets for military defense applications. Classical radar parameters such as radar range, transmitted power and cross section are revisited and extended to their quantum analogues. The role of entangled single photon sources in improving detection performance under high noise and jamming environments is discussed. Context of microwave quantum radar is reviewed along with photonic implementations. This paper further highlights the importance of quantum measurement theory, including system-apparatus entanglement, density matrix formalism and wave function collapse in extracting information from quantum radar systems. Although significant experimental challenges remain, recent advances indicate strong potential for future development of quantum radar in next generation defense and surveillance systems.