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Modern Physics Letters A

Cryptanalysis and improvement of the robust quantum dialogue protocols based on the entanglement swapping between any two logical Bell states and the shared auxiliary logical Bell state

Zhihao Liu, Hanwu Chen

Published Jul 12, 2019• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

As we know, it does not allow that a secure quantum communication protocol has the information leakage problem. Unfortunately, we find that there is the information leakage problem in the two quantum dialogue (QD) protocols which are respectively based on entanglement swapping between two logical Bell states under the collective-dephasing noise and the collective-rotation noise. To mend this loophole, they are masterly improved. It is proven that the improved QD protocols are without information leakage problem. Incidentally, they have some other obvious advantages compared to the previous ones.

DOI
10.1142/s0217732319502419

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As we know, it does not allow that a secure quantum communication protocol has the information leakage problem. Unfortunately, we find that there is the information leakage problem in the two quantum dialogue (QD) protocols which are respectively based on entanglement swapping between two logical Bell states under the collective-dephasing noise and the collective-rotation noise. To mend this loophole, they are masterly improved. It is proven that the improved QD protocols are without information leakage problem. Incidentally, they have some other obvious advantages compared to the previous ones.
Abstract At present, the anti-noise property and the information leakage resistant property are two great concerns for quantum dialogue (QD). In this paper, two anti-noise QD protocols without information leakage are presented by using the entanglement swapping technology for two logical Bell states. One works well over a collective-dephasing noise channel, while the other takes effect over a collective-rotation noise channel. The negative influence of noise is erased by using logical Bell states as the traveling quantum states. The problem of information leakage is avoided by swapping entanglement between two logical Bell states. In addition, only Bell state measurements are used for decoding, rather than four-qubit joint measurements.
In this paper, two robust quantum dialogue (QD) protocols against collective-dephasing noise and collective-rotation noise are presented, respectively. In each of the proposed QD protocols, four logical Bell states, each of which is made up of four physical qubits, are used to combat collective noise. The information leakage problem is overcome by directly transmitting the auxiliary logical Bell states in two steps from one communication party to the other. For decoding, Bell state measurements rather than four-qubit joint measurements are used. The effectiveness against an eavesdropper's active attacks such as the intercept-resend attack, the measure-resend attack, the entangle-measure attack and the Trojan horse attack can be guaranteed.
At present, the anti-noise property and the information leakage resistant property are two great concerns for quantum dialogue(QD). In this paper, two anti-noise QD protocols without information leakage are presented by using the entanglement swapping technology for two logical Bell states. One works well over a collective-dephasing noise channel, while the other takes effect over a collective-rotation noise channel. The negative influence of noise is erased by using logical Bell states as the traveling quantum states. The problem of information leakage is avoided by swapping entanglement between two logical Bell states. In addition, only Bell state measurements are used for decoding, rather than four-qubit joint measurements.
In this paper,two fault tolerant channel-encrypting quantum dialogue(QD)protocols against collective noise are presented.One is against collective-dephasing noise,while the other is against collective-rotation noise.The decoherent-free states,each of which is composed of two physical qubits,act as traveling states combating collective noise.Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pairs,which play the role of private quantum key,are securely shared between two participants over a collective-noise channel in advance.Through encryption and decryption with private quantum key,the initial state of each traveling two-photon logical qubit is privately shared between two participants.Due to quantum encryption sharing of the initial state of each traveling logical qubit,the issue of information leakage is overcome.The private quantum key can be repeatedly used after rotation as long as the rotation angle is properly chosen,making quantum resource economized.As a result,their information-theoretical efficiency is nearly up to 66.7%.The proposed QD protocols only need single-photon measurements rather than two-photon joint measurements for quantum measurements.Security analysis shows that an eavesdropper cannot obtain anything useful about secret messages during the dialogue process without being discovered.Furthermore,the proposed QD protocols can be implemented with current techniques in experiment.
Quantum dialogue allows both communication parties to execute secure direct communication simultaneously and bidirectionally. In recent years, due to the possible applications of quantum communication technologies in military, finance, medicine and other fields, quantum dialogue has been widely concerned. In the year of 2017, NR Zhou et al designed a new quantum dialogue protocol by using the continuous-variable two-mode squeezed vacuum states, where the two communication parties encode their own secret information into the entangled optical modes with the translation operations and each communication party could deduce the secret information of their counterparts with the help of his or her secret information and the Bellbasis measurement results [1]. LH Gong et al devised an efficient three-party quantum dialogue protocol based on the continuous variable GHZ entangled states [2]. NR Zhou et al proposed a secure quantum dialogue protocol based on single-photons, which not only overcomes information leakage but also possesses an acceptable efficiency. M Xiao et al presented a novel quantum dialogue protocol without information leakage over the collective noise channel, where the logical qubits and four-qubit decoherence-free states were introduced to resist against collective-dephasing noise, collective-rotation noise and all kinds of unitary collective noise [4]. T Hwang et al proposed an authenticated quantum dialogue based on Bell states, allowing two communicators to perform mutual authentication and secure bidirectional communications simultaneously via public classical channels [5]. TY Ye proposed a quantum dialogue scheme by employing logical Bell states as the quantum resource to combat the collective-dephasing noise and the collective-rotation noise, which can accomplish the mutual identification and the dialogue between two participants simultaneously and securely over one kind of collective noise channels [6]. M Wang et al proposed a quantum dialogue protocol based on four-qubit entangled state, which is constructed by an EPR pair and two different single qubits through three Controlled-Not gates [7]. By using Bell measurements and the corresponding unitary operations, two users can exchange their messages simultaneously and directly without sharing any secret keys beforehand. The above protocols exploited different quantum states and involved two or three communication parties basically. These protocols cannot satisfy the practical applications of quantum dialogue in future possible quantum communication networks. Therefore, we will propose a multiparty continuous variable quantum dialogue protocol. Multiparty quantum dialogue protocol enables multiple communication parties to transmit and/or receive information at the same time. The protocol could ensure that there is no information leakage in the communication process according to the uncertainty principle and quantum non-cloning theorem.
Based on the deterministic secure quantum communication, we present a novel quantum dialogue protocol without information leakage over the collective noise channel. The logical qubits and four-qubit decoherence-free states are introduced for resisting against collective-dephasing noise, collective-rotation noise and all kinds of unitary collective noise, respectively. Compared with the existing similar protocols, the analyses on security and information-theoretical efficiency show that the proposed protocol is more secure and efficient.