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Physical Mechanism Underlying ``einstein's Spooky-Action-at-a-Distance" and the Nature of Quantum Entanglement

Nakka Gurappa

Published Jul 1, 2019• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

The delayed-choice entanglement swapping experiments, both in space and time, are casually explained at a single quantum level by using the `wave-particle non-dualistic interpretation of quantum mechanics'. In order to achieve this, the actual mechanisms involved in the Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment and Einstein's spooky-action-at-a-distance are uncovered from the quantum formalism. The continuity in the motion of any individual quantum particle, due to the constants of motion, is responsible for the outcomes of Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment. The purpose for the existence of spooky action in Nature is to strictly maintain the conservation laws in absence of exchange-interactions. The presence of a casual structure in the entanglement swapping is shown by detailed analysis of the experimental results presented in the papers, ``X-S. Ma et al., Nature. Phys. 8, 480, (2012)'' and ``E. Megidish et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 210403 (2013)'', at the level of individual quantum events. These experiments are directly confirming the wave-particle non-duality.

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•Jul 1, 2019•1 citation

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•Jul 1, 2021•0 citations
The delayed-choice entanglement swapping experiments, both in space and time, are casually explained at a single quantum level by using the `wave-particle non-dualistic interpretation of quantum mechanics'. In order to achieve this, the actual mechanisms involved in the Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment and Einstein's spooky-action-at-a-distance are uncovered from the quantum formalism. The continuity in the motion of any individual quantum particle, due to the constants of motion, is responsible for the outcomes of Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment. The purpose for the existence of spooky action in Nature is to strictly maintain the conservation laws in absence of exchange-interactions. The presence of a casual structure in the entanglement swapping is shown by detailed analysis of the experimental results presented in the papers, X-S. Ma et al., Nature. Phys. 8, 480, (2012)'' and E. Megidish et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 210403 (2013)'', at the level of individual quantum events. These experiments are directly confirming the wave-particle non-duality.
The Schrödinger's wave function can naturally be realized as an 'instantaneous resonant spatial mode' in which quantum particle moves and hence the Born's rule is derived after identifying its origin. This realization facilitates the visualization of `what's really going on?' in the Young's double-slit experiment which is known to be the central mystery of quantum mechanics. Also, an actual mechanism underlying the `spooky-action-at-a-distance', another mystery regarding the entangled quantum particles, is revealed. Wheeler's delayed choice experiments, delayed choice quantum eraser experiment and delayed choice entanglement swapping experiments are unambiguously and naturally explained at a single quantum level. The reality of Nature represented by the quantum mechanical formalism is conceptually intuitive and is independent of the measurement problem.
A new `wave-particle non-dualistic interpretation' at the single-quantum level, existing within the quantum formalism, is presented by showing the Schr\odinger wave function as an `{\it instantaneous resonant spatial mode}' where a particle moves. For the first time, the position eigenstate of a particle is identified to be related to the absolute phase of the wave function in such a way that its position eigen values always lie on a classical trajectory, proving that the `time parameter' is common to both classical and quantum mechanics. It's brought into light that the quantum formalism demands a different kind of boundary conditions to be imposed to the wave function unlike classical formalism and hence naturally yields the Born rule as a limiting case of the relative frequency of detection. This derivation of the Born rule automatically resolves the measurement problem. Also, these boundary conditions immediately expound Bohr's principle of complementarity at a single quantum level. Further, the non-duality naturally contains the required physical mechanism to elucidate why the Copenhagen interpretation is experimentally so successful. The single-quantum phenomenon is then used to unambiguously explain what's really going on in the Young double-slit experiment as anticipated by Feynmann and the same is again used to provide a causal explanation of Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment.
A new `wave-particle non-dualistic interpretation at a single-quantum level' is presented by showing the physical nature of Schrodinger's wave function as an ‘instantaneous resonant spatial mode’ to which a particle's motion is confined. The initial phase associated with a state vector is identified to be related to a particular position eigenstate of the particle and hence, the equality of quantum mechanical time to classical time is obtained; this equality automatically explains the emergence of classical world from the underlying quantum world. Derivation of the Born rule as a limiting case of the relative frequency of detection is provided for the first time, which automatically resolves the measurement problem. Also, the Born rule derivation is supplemented with a geometrical interpretation. `What’s really going on' in Young's double-slit and Wheeler's delayed-choice experiments is explained at a single-quantum level. Also, an interference experiment is proposed to verify the correctness of the non-dualistic interpretation.
Wave-particle duality constitutes one of the most intriguing features in quantum physics. A well-known gedanken experiment that provides evidence for this is Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer [J. A. Wheeler, in Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Theory, edited by A. R. Marlow (Academic, New York, 1978), pp. 9--48; in Quantum Theory and Measurement, edited by J. A. Wheeler and W. H. Zurek (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1984), pp. 182--213]. Many different versions of delayed-choice experiments have been conducted with both classical and quantum detecting devices. Recently, it was proposed that the delayed-choice experiment could be devised from the perspective of a device-independent prepare-and-measure scenario [R. Chaves et al., Causal Modeling the Delayed-Choice Experiment, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 190401 (2018)]. In our work, we experimentally realize this modified version with a deterministic single-photon source and examine the wave-particle objective in a causal-modeled scheme without the assistance of entanglement, which is achieved by violating the dimension-witness inequalities. Our experiment also provides an intriguing perspective and exhibits the benefits of studying quantum theory from the casual model point of view.
A new wave-particle non-dualistic interpretation for the quantum formalism is presented by proving that the Schrödinger wave function is an `{\it instantaneous resonant spatial mode}' in which the quantum particle moves. The probabilities in quantum mechanics arise only for the observer's perspective due to the nature of doing experiments but they do not exist in Nature. In other words, quantum mechanics itself is not a probabilistic theory. This view-point is proved by deriving the Born's rule by showing it to be equal to the experimentally observed relative frequencies. Also, it is shown that the classical and quantum mechanical times are one and the same. By identifying the already inherently existing mechanism for the collapse of wave function within the quantum formalism, the present interpretation naturally proves why the Copenhagen interpretation is very successful in explaining the experimental outcomes. The Young's double-slit experiment, the Wheeler's delayed choice experiment and the Afshar's experiment are unambiguously explained at a single quantum level. Both `measurement problem' and `retrocausality' are absent in the present non-dualistic interpretation of quantum mechanics.