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Bulletin of the Lebedev Physics Institute

Effect of Changing the Electron Mass and Physicochemical Processes in One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals

R. Kh. Gainutdinov, A I Garifullin, Хамадеев Марат Актасович

Published Apr 1, 2019• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The interaction between atoms placed into cavities of a one-dimensional photonic crystal (PC) and the radiation self-field is studied. Dispersion relations and photonic density of states for a one-dimensional PC consisting of gallium arsenide and vacuum layers in one case, and metamaterial and vacuum layers in the other case are calculated by the transition matrix method. Variations of the self-energy correction to the 1 s state energy of the hydrogen atom are considered as functions of the optical contrast and relative thickness one-dimensional PC layers.

DOI
10.3103/s106833561904002x

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Journal of Optical Technology•Jun 1, 2024•2 citations
The interaction between atoms placed into cavities of a one-dimensional photonic crystal (PC) and the radiation self-field is studied. Dispersion relations and photonic density of states for a one-dimensional PC consisting of gallium arsenide and vacuum layers in one case, and metamaterial and vacuum layers in the other case are calculated by the transition matrix method. Variations of the self-energy correction to the 1 s state energy of the hydrogen atom are considered as functions of the optical contrast and relative thickness one-dimensional PC layers.
Abstract The self-energy correction to the mass of an atomic electron placed into a void of the photonic crystal medium is investigated. In this study the one-dimensional photonic crystal made from gallium arsenide and vacuum layers is considered. We show that the electron mass change gives rise not only to the shifts of the atomic energies but also to the nonradiative transitions between atomic levels. These transitions add new channels to a decay of an atomic state that leads to a quantum interference between these channels.
Photonic crystals are periodic systems that consist of dielectrics with different refractive indices. They are designed to act on photons in contrast to semiconductor crystals whose periodicity affects the motion of electrons. Here we consider the interaction of an atomic electron with its own radiation field in the case when the atom is placed in air voids of a photonic crystal and is not in mechanical contact with the vibrational degrees of freedom of the dielectric host. A strong modification of this interaction from that in free space is shown to change the rest mass of the electron, and this has a significant effect on the shift of the atomic energy levels. This shift is investigated by using the example of atomic hydrogen in a high-index-contrast photonic crystal. The found effect may be of interest both from fundamental and practical points of view.
Photonic crystals (PCs) are periodic systems that consist of dielectrics with different refractive indices. Photonic crystals have many potential technological applications. These applications are mainly based on the photonic bang gap effect. However the band gap is not only effect that follows from the periodic changing of the refractive index in the photonic crystal. The periodic change of the photon-matter interaction in photonic crystal medium gives rise to the fact that the mass of an electron in the photonic crystal must differ from its mass in vacuum. Anisotropy of a photonic crystal results in the dependence of the electromagnetic mass correction on the orientation of the electron momentum in a photonic crystal. This orientation dependence in turn gives rise to the significant correction to the transition frequencies in an atom placed in air voids of a photonic crystal. These corrections are shown to be comparable to the atomic optical frequencies. This effect allows one to control the structure of the atomic energy levels and hence to control resonance processes. It can serve as the basis for new line spectrum sources. The effect provides new ways of realization of quantum interference between decay channels that can be important for quantum information science.
Subject of study. A single InAs quantum dot in a one-dimensional photonic crystal based on GaAs is examined. Aim of study. The aim of this study is to develop a method for controlling photon emission frequencies from a single quantum dot within a one-dimensional photonic crystal based on changes in the electromagnetic mass of an electron in the photonic crystal medium. Method. The proposed approach leverages the effect of changing the electromagnetic mass of an electron in the photonic crystal medium, manifesting as corrections to electron energy levels depending on the optical density of the medium. To control this density, the injection of free charge carriers and the quadratic electro-optic Kerr effect are proposed. Main results. The feasibility of in situ control of photon emission frequencies from a quantum dot was demonstrated using quantum transitions between the p- and s-states of a hydrogen-like InAs quantum dot situated in the air voids of a one-dimensional GaAs photonic crystal. This control is achieved through the effect of changing the electromagnetic mass of an electron, as well as tuning the refractive index of the photonic crystal via free charge carrier injection and the electro-optic Kerr effect. Calculations indicate that the photon energy control range available in experiments is limited to several tens of microelectronvolts, restricting practical applicability, and the observed displacement effect is smaller than experimentally recorded values. However, the energy level displacement, influenced by the quantum electrodynamic effect under investigation, exhibits a quadratic dependence on the refractive index of the material forming the photonic crystal. Consequently, the method is expected to scale significantly with increasing optical density. Such photonic crystals could be constructed using metamaterials with a high refractive index. Practical significance. The findings of this study, centered on developing a method for controlling photon emission frequencies from a single quantum dot in a one-dimensional photonic crystal, lay the groundwork for photon-emitter interfaces. These interfaces will incorporate key quantum functionalities, including photonic qubits, single-photon light sources, and nonlinear quantum photon-photon gates.