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“Spooky” Interaction and Non-Classical Interference Interpreted by a Product of Classical Electric Filed

Kazufumi Sakai

Published Apr 1, 2019• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Many experiments to verify nonlocal interaction and non-classical phenomena using entangled lights were conducted in the 1980s, and many physicists were interested in their unrecognizable correlation. These quantum mechanical effects were used in Aspect's experiments and Bell tests and had a great influence on the interpretation of quantum mechanics. However, their essence, including their “spooky” interaction, is unknown. In this study, we show that entangled light can be expressed by the product of electric fields and that the same result as quantum mechanics can be obtained using the product form.

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“Spooky” interaction and non-classical interference interpreted by a product of classical electric field

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Many experiments to verify nonlocal interaction and non-classical phenomena using entangled lights were conducted in the 1980s, and many physicists were interested in their unrecognizable correlation. These quantum mechanical effects were used in Aspect's experiments and Bell tests and had a great influence on the interpretation of quantum mechanics. However, their essence, including their "spooky" interaction, is unknown. In this study, we show that entangled light can be expressed by the product of electric fields and that the same result as quantum mechanics can be obtained using the product form.

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Quantum mechanics was the foundation for physics in the 20th century and its mysterious world has presented various unique effects beyond human understanding. In particular, Aspect’s experiment and Bell’s inequality suggest a non-local interaction causing wave packet reduction, and are regarded as evidence for quantum mechanics’ validity. This short paper reconsiders the electric field of entangled light and Aspect’s experiment in terms of classical theory and shows that the experimental results can be explained equally as well.

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In the 80 years since the seminal Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) paper, physicists and philosophers have mused about the `spooky action at a distance' aspect of quantum mechanics that so bothered Einstein. In his formal analysis of EPR-type entangled quantum states, Bell (1964) concluded that any hidden variable theory designed to reproduce the predictions of quantum mechanics must necessarily be nonlocal and allow superluminal interactions. This doesn't immediately imply that nonlocality is a characteristic feature of quantum mechanics let alone a fundamental property of nature; however, many physicists and philosophers of science do harbor this belief. Experts in the field often use the term `nonlocality' to designate particular non-classical aspects of quantum entanglement and do not confuse the term with superluminal interactions. However, many physicists seem to take the term more literally. I endeavor to disabuse the latter of this notion by emphasizing that the correlations of Bell-type entanglement are a result of ordinary quantum superposition with no need to introduce nonlocality. The conclusion of the EPR paper wasn't that quantum mechanics is nonlocal but rather that it is an incomplete description of reality. For different reasons, many physicists, including me, agree with Einstein that quantum mechanics is necessarily an incomplete description of reality.

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The present standard interpretation of quantum mechanics invokes nonlocality and state reduction at space-like separated points during measurements on entangled systems. While there is no understanding of the physical mechanism of such nonlocal state reduction, the experimental verifications of quantum correlations different from that predicted by local realistic theories have polarized the physicists' opinion in favour of nonlocality. I show conclusively that there is no such spooky state reduction, vindicating the strong views against nonlocality held by Einstein and Popper. Experimental support to this proof is also discussed. The Bell's inequalities arise due to ignoring the phase information in the correlation function and not due to nonlocality. This result goes against the current belief of quantum nonlocality held by the majority of physicists; yet the proof is transparent and rigorous, and therefore demands a change in the interpretation of quantum mechanics and quantum measurements. The hypothesis of wave function collapse is inconsistent with experimental observations on entangled correlated systems.

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Many experiments to verify nonlocal interaction and non-classical phenomena using entangled lights were conducted in the 1980s, and many physicists were interested in their unrecognizable correlation. These quantum mechanical effects were used in Aspect's experiments and Bell tests and had a great influence on the interpretation of quantum mechanics. However, their essence, including their “spooky” interaction, is unknown. In this study, we show that entangled light can be expressed by the product of electric fields and that the same result as quantum mechanics can be obtained using the product form.
Many experiments to verify nonlocal interaction and non-classical phenomena using entangled lights were conducted in the 1980s, and many physicists were interested in their unrecognizable correlation. These quantum mechanical effects were used in Aspect's experiments and Bell tests and had a great influence on the interpretation of quantum mechanics. However, their essence, including their "spooky" interaction, is unknown. In this study, we show that entangled light can be expressed by the product of electric fields and that the same result as quantum mechanics can be obtained using the product form.
Quantum mechanics was the foundation for physics in the 20th century and its mysterious world has presented various unique effects beyond human understanding. In particular, Aspect’s experiment and Bell’s inequality suggest a non-local interaction causing wave packet reduction, and are regarded as evidence for quantum mechanics’ validity. This short paper reconsiders the electric field of entangled light and Aspect’s experiment in terms of classical theory and shows that the experimental results can be explained equally as well.
Quantum entanglement is an intriguing concept that is vital to quantum computing, quantum communication and teleportation. The numerous experiments called Bell tests act as evidence of quantum entanglement. However, the exact meaning of quantum entanglement is somewhat vague. One interpretation is the instant inner connection between totally separated entangled particles, or the ‘spooky action at a distance’ termed by Einstein. The paper has examined the Bell tests from different perspectives and discovered that although the Bell tests have disproved the local hidden variable hypothesis and proved nonlocal correlation, they do not automatically endorse any inner connection between totally separated entangled particles, such as superluminal communication and superposition over a large distance. The measurement on one entangled particle does not change the quantum state of its counterpart, so any inner connection is not necessary. The nonlocal correlation shown by Bell tests can be explained by coherence states of entangled particles and the common interaction between particles and measuring instruments. The paper concludes that the essence of quantum entanglement is the coherence of quantum states.
In the 80 years since the seminal Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) paper, physicists and philosophers have mused about the `spooky action at a distance' aspect of quantum mechanics that so bothered Einstein. In his formal analysis of EPR-type entangled quantum states, Bell (1964) concluded that any hidden variable theory designed to reproduce the predictions of quantum mechanics must necessarily be nonlocal and allow superluminal interactions. This doesn't immediately imply that nonlocality is a characteristic feature of quantum mechanics let alone a fundamental property of nature; however, many physicists and philosophers of science do harbor this belief. Experts in the field often use the term `nonlocality' to designate particular non-classical aspects of quantum entanglement and do not confuse the term with superluminal interactions. However, many physicists seem to take the term more literally. I endeavor to disabuse the latter of this notion by emphasizing that the correlations of Bell-type entanglement are a result of ordinary quantum superposition with no need to introduce nonlocality. The conclusion of the EPR paper wasn't that quantum mechanics is nonlocal but rather that it is an incomplete description of reality. For different reasons, many physicists, including me, agree with Einstein that quantum mechanics is necessarily an incomplete description of reality.
Abstract Claims that entanglement, or non-local interaction ("spooky action-at-a-distance), has been experimentally proven are false. The claims are based entirely on the fact that the results of experiments performed to test that issue (EPR-Bohm experiments) violate various theoretical inequalities (Bell Inequalities).The various Bell Inequalities used to interpret the results of EPR-Bohm experiments are shown to be inappropriate for such experiments. The inequalities do not correctly provide for the correlation between the particles in each pair, which is the essence of such experiments; and therefore the inequalities are irrelevant. Claims that the results of such experiments, because they violate the inequalities, require the conclusion that the measurement of one particle in an "entangled" pair can instantly affect the state of its partner, even at great distances, are untrue and need to be modified.
The present standard interpretation of quantum mechanics invokes nonlocality and state reduction at space-like separated points during measurements on entangled systems. While there is no understanding of the physical mechanism of such nonlocal state reduction, the experimental verifications of quantum correlations different from that predicted by local realistic theories have polarized the physicists' opinion in favour of nonlocality. I show conclusively that there is no such spooky state reduction, vindicating the strong views against nonlocality held by Einstein and Popper. Experimental support to this proof is also discussed. The Bell's inequalities arise due to ignoring the phase information in the correlation function and not due to nonlocality. This result goes against the current belief of quantum nonlocality held by the majority of physicists; yet the proof is transparent and rigorous, and therefore demands a change in the interpretation of quantum mechanics and quantum measurements. The hypothesis of wave function collapse is inconsistent with experimental observations on entangled correlated systems.