The complete evaporation of black holes, as a natural endpoint of Hawking radiation, gives rise to the black hole information paradox, which fundamentally challenges the principles of unitarity and information conservation in quantum mechanics. Although the AdS/CFT correspondence indicates that information is preserved during black hole evaporation, the precise mechanism by which it is recovered from the Hawking radiation remains an open question. To explore a potential resolution, we investigate information transfer in a spin-chain model featuring an effective horizon realized via position-dependent couplings within an XY spin chain. We derive and demonstrate Page curve-like behavior, and analyze the transmission of quantum resources, such as entanglement and coherence, across the effective horizon. Our results show that quantum resources initially localized within an interior subsystem can be transferred to the exterior via particle radiation through the horizon. This study provides a novel perspective from quantum simulation on how information may escape from black holes, thereby contributing to the further understanding of the black hole information paradox.The complete evaporation of black holes, as a natural endpoint of Hawking radiation, gives rise to the black hole information paradox, which fundamentally challenges the principles of unitarity and information conservation in quantum mechanics. Although the AdS/CFT correspondence indicates that information is preserved during black hole evaporation, the precise mechanism by which it is recovered from the Hawking radiation remains an open question. To explore a potential resolution, we investigate information transfer in a spin-chain model featuring an effective horizon realized via position-dependent couplings within an XY spin chain. We derive and demonstrate Page curve-like behavior, and analyze the transmission of quantum resources, such as entanglement and coherence, across the effective horizon. Our results show that quantum resources initially localized within an interior subsystem can be transferred to the exterior via particle radiation through the horizon. This study provides a novel perspective from quantum simulation on how information may escape from black holes, thereby contributing to the further understanding of the black hole information paradox.

gr-qcCross-listedarXiv:2602.07043Feb 5, 20260 citations

Entanglement and firewalls in quantum circuit model of black hole evaporation

Y S Lü, Tien Hsieh, Da-Shin Lee

Abstract We reexamine the quantum circuit model of black hole evaporation proposed in a previous work (Class. Quantum Grav. 35, 235013, 2018) [1]. This tripartite model incorporates the following systems: black hole ( $\textbf{BH}$ BH ), just radiation ( $\textbf{JR}$ JR ), and early radiation ( $\textbf{ER}$ ER ). We apply a scrambling unitary matrix with a single parameter $\theta$ θ to the ground state of the qubits in infalling matter toward a black hole in order to generate initial qubit states of the black hole that are more general than those in [1]. Specifically, the scrambling unitary matrix reduces to no scrambling and maximum scrambling when $\theta =0$ θ = 0 and $\theta =\pi /2$ θ = π / 2 , respectively. Our aim is to explore the role of quantum monogamy in the firewall formation between the black hole and radiation. In this model, entanglement and firewall formation depend on the black hole mass M and the frequency of Hawking radiation $\omega$ ω . For the initial state with $\theta =\pi /2$ θ = π / 2 , a firewall emerges at an earlier stage of the evolution than with $\theta =0$ θ = 0 . We also find that a firewall structure emerges between $\textbf{BH}$ BH and $\textbf{JR}$ JR , and that the information is carried away by radiation for all values of $M\omega$ M ω , provided that $\theta$ θ lies within a certain analytically determined range. Following unitary gate dynamics, the initial black hole qubit state can be retrieved from its imprint on the final radiation state, which was originally hidden behind the black hole’s horizon. These results may provide insight into the properties of multipartite entanglement due to the different initial states in the evolution of a quantum circuit model for black hole evaporation.Abstract We reexamine the quantum circuit model of black hole evaporation proposed in a previous work (Class. Quantum Grav. 35, 235013, 2018) [1]. This tripartite model incorporates the following systems: black hole ( $$\textbf{BH}$$ BH ), just radiation ( $$\textbf{JR}$$ JR ), and early radiation ( $$\textbf{ER}$$ ER ). We apply a scrambling unitary matrix with a single parameter $$\theta $$ θ to the ground state of the qubits in infalling matter toward a black hole in order to generate initial qubit states of the black hole that are more general than those in [1]. Specifically, the scrambling unitary matrix reduces to no scrambling and maximum scrambling when $$\theta =0$$ θ = 0 and $$\theta =\pi /2$$ θ = π / 2 , respectively. Our aim is to explore the role of quantum monogamy in the firewall formation between the black hole and radiation. In this model, entanglement and firewall formation depend on the black hole mass M and the frequency of Hawking radiation $$\omega $$ ω . For the initial state with $$\theta =\pi /2$$ θ = π / 2 , a firewall emerges at an earlier stage of the evolution than with $$\theta =0$$ θ = 0 . We also find that a firewall structure emerges between $$\textbf{BH}$$ BH and $$\textbf{JR}$$ JR , and that the information is carried away by radiation for all values of $$M\omega $$ M ω , provided that $$\theta $$ θ lies within a certain analytically determined range. Following unitary gate dynamics, the initial black hole qubit state can be retrieved from its imprint on the final radiation state, which was originally hidden behind the black hole’s horizon. These results may provide insight into the properties of multipartite entanglement due to the different initial states in the evolution of a quantum circuit model for black hole evaporation.

arXiv:2606.21181The European Physical Journal CJul 26, 20260 citations

QUANTUM INFORMATION ASPECT OF BLACK HOLE

Akio Hosoya

Foundations of Quantum Mechanics in the Light of New TechnologyOct 1, 20020 citations

Probing quantum properties of black holes with a Floquet-driven optical lattice simulator

Asmae Benhemou, Georgia Nixon, Aydin Deger +2 more

In the curved spacetime of a black hole, quantum physics gives rise to distinctive effects such as Hawking radiation and maximally fast scrambling. Here, we present a scheme for an analogue quantum simulation of (1 + 1) and (2 + 1)-dimensional black holes using ultracold atoms in a locally Floquet-driven optical lattice. We show how the effective dynamics of the driven system can generate position-dependent tunnelling amplitudes that encode the curved geometry of the black hole. Moreover, we provide a simple and robust scheme to determine the Hawking temperature of a (1+1)D simulated black hole based solely on on-site atom population measurements. Combined with the highly tunable onsite atom-atom interactions typical for cold atoms, our simulator provides a powerful and feasible platform to probe the scrambling of quantum information in black holes. We illustrate the ergodicity of our (2+1)D black-hole simulator by showing numerically that its level statistics in the hard-core limit approaches the ergodic regime faster than a globally homogeneous Hamiltonian.In the curved spacetime of a black hole, quantum physics gives rise to distinctive effects such as Hawking radiation and maximally fast scrambling. Here, we present a scheme for an analogue quantum simulation of (1 + 1) and (2 + 1)-dimensional black holes using ultracold atoms in a locally Floquet-driven optical lattice. We show how the effective dynamics of the driven system can generate position-dependent tunnelling amplitudes that encode the curved geometry of the black hole. Moreover, we provide a simple and robust scheme to determine the Hawking temperature of a (1+1)D simulated black hole based solely on on-site atom population measurements. Combined with the highly tunable onsite atom-atom interactions typical for cold atoms, our simulator provides a powerful and feasible platform to probe the scrambling of quantum information in black holes. We illustrate the ergodicity of our (2+1)D black-hole simulator by showing numerically that its level statistics in the hard-core limit approaches the ergodic regime faster than a globally homogeneous Hamiltonian.

arXiv:2312.14058Dec 21, 20230 citations

\textbf{BH}

BH ), just radiation (

\textbf{JR}

JR ), and early radiation (

\textbf{ER}

ER ). We apply a scrambling unitary matrix with a single parameter

\theta

θ to the ground state of the qubits in infalling matter toward a black hole in order to generate initial qubit states of the black hole that are more general than those in [1]. Specifically, the scrambling unitary matrix reduces to no scrambling and maximum scrambling when

\theta =0

θ = 0 and

\theta =\pi /2

θ = π / 2 , respectively. Our aim is to explore the role of quantum monogamy in the firewall formation between the black hole and radiation. In this model, entanglement and firewall formation depend on the black hole mass M and the frequency of Hawking radiation

\omega

ω . For the initial state with

\theta =\pi /2

θ = π / 2 , a firewall emerges at an earlier stage of the evolution than with

\theta =0

θ = 0 . We also find that a firewall structure emerges between

\textbf{BH}

BH and

\textbf{JR}

JR , and that the information is carried away by radiation for all values of

M\omega

M ω , provided that

\theta

θ lies within a certain analytically determined range. Following unitary gate dynamics, the initial black hole qubit state can be retrieved from its imprint on the final radiation state, which was originally hidden behind the black hole’s horizon. These results may provide insight into the properties of multipartite entanglement due to the different initial states in the evolution of a quantum circuit model for black hole evaporation.