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Experiments in eleetromagnctically induced transparency

A. Kasapi, G. Y. Yin, Maneesh Jain, A. Merriman, Stephen E. Harris

Published May 8, 1994• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

When narrowband probe radiation traveling through a bulk material is tuned to a resonance transition from the ground state of the material, the radiation experiences strong attenuation and dispersion. Recent theoretical1 and experimental2,3 work has demonstrated that this attenuation can be almost completely eliminated by the addition of a strong coherent coupling radiation field coupling a third state to the upper state of the resonance transition. In effect, a destructive quantum interference blocks the excitation of the atom from its ground state and renders the atom transparent. We term this effect “electromagnetically induced transparency.”

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Electromagnetically induced transparency in a subband quantum well system

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The phenomenon of electromagnetically induced transparency, which was discovered recently in atomic systems, is demonstrated for the first in a subband quantum well system. Applying strong coupling field (Rabi frequency is on the same order as the intersubband linewidth), which is two- photon-resonant with the 1 - 3 intersubband transition, produces dramatic change in the 1 - 2 intersubband absorption profile. This effect can be accounted for in terms of 1 - 2 and 2 - 3 dipoles being driven into coherence by a strong coupling field; it is not related to self- induced transparency or spectral hole-burning (the frequency of the coupling field is quite different from that of 1 - 2 resonance) and, similar to Fano-type interference, is a pure result of destructive interference of probability amplitudes.

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The phenomenon of electromagnetically induced transparency has been studied when a four-level atom is located in a photonic band gap material. Quantum interference is introduced by driving the two upper levels of the atom with a strong pump laser field. The top level and one of the ground levels are coupled by a weak probe laser field and absorption takes place between these two states. The susceptibility due to the absorption for this transition has been calculated by using the master equation method in linear response theory. Numerical simulations are performed for the real and imaginary parts of the susceptibility for a photonic band gap material whose gap-midgap ratio is 21%. It is found that when resonance frequencies lie within the band, the medium becomes transparent under the action of the strong pump laser field. More interesting results are found when one of the resonance frequencies lies at the band edge and within the band gap. When the resonance frequency lies at the band edge, the medium becomes nontransparent even under a strong pump laser field. On the other hand, when the resonance frequency lies within the band gap, the medium becomes transparent even under a weak pump laser field. In summary, we found that the medium can be transformed from the transparent state to the nontransparent state just by changing the location of the resonance frequency. We call these two effects anomalous electromagnetically induced transparency.

Physical Review A•Sep 28, 2004•46 citations
When narrowband probe radiation traveling through a bulk material is tuned to a resonance transition from the ground state of the material, the radiation experiences strong attenuation and dispersion. Recent theoretical1 and experimental2,3 work has demonstrated that this attenuation can be almost completely eliminated by the addition of a strong coherent coupling radiation field coupling a third state to the upper state of the resonance transition. In effect, a destructive quantum interference blocks the excitation of the atom from its ground state and renders the atom transparent. We term this effect “electromagnetically induced transparency.”
We report the results of an experiment showing how an opaque atomic transition in neutral Sr may be rendered transparent to radiation at its resonance frequency. This is accomplished by applying an electromagnetic coupling field (Fig. 1) between the upper state 4d5d1D2 of the transition and another state 4d5p 1D2 of the atom. When the Rabi frequency of the coupling field exceeds the inhomogeneous width of the 5s5p1P1−4d5d1D2 transition, the medium becomes transparent on line center. In this work, we have changed the transmittance of neutral strontium from exp(−20) without a coupling laser to exp(−1) in the presence of a coupling laser, over a spectral range of 6 GHz (Fig. 2). The coupling laser that we have used is a single mode Littman dye laser with an intensity of 10 MW/ cm2 .
The energy lost by the radiation field through absorption is taken up by the atoms when they are excited from the lower to the upper state. As the radiation field intensity is progressively increased, a point is reached where the excitation absorption process begins to dominate the random decay processes that establish the status quo. There is an important conclusion that we can reach in this particular type of experiment. This is that a coherently trapped population is set up in the ground states so that no population transfer takes place to the excited state. The initial experiments were carried out in strontium vapour with pulsed lasers providing the radiation fields, and involved auto-ionising transitions in a lambda arrangement. The simple 3 state model, when solved numerically, provides considerable insight into the origins of electromagnetically induced transparency in both cascade, lambda and vee schemes.
We report the first demonstration of a technique by which an optically thick medium may be rendered transparent. The transparency results from a destructive interference of two dressed states which are created by applying a temporally smooth coupling laser between a bound state of an atom and the upper state of the transition which is to be made transparent. The transmittance of an autoionizing (ultraviolet) transition in Sr is changed from exp(-20) without a coupling laser present to exp(-1) in the presence of a coupling laser.
The phenomenon of electromagnetically induced transparency, which was discovered recently in atomic systems, is demonstrated for the first in a subband quantum well system. Applying strong coupling field (Rabi frequency is on the same order as the intersubband linewidth), which is two- photon-resonant with the 1 - 3 intersubband transition, produces dramatic change in the 1 - 2 intersubband absorption profile. This effect can be accounted for in terms of 1 - 2 and 2 - 3 dipoles being driven into coherence by a strong coupling field; it is not related to self- induced transparency or spectral hole-burning (the frequency of the coupling field is quite different from that of 1 - 2 resonance) and, similar to Fano-type interference, is a pure result of destructive interference of probability amplitudes.
The phenomenon of electromagnetically induced transparency has been studied when a four-level atom is located in a photonic band gap material. Quantum interference is introduced by driving the two upper levels of the atom with a strong pump laser field. The top level and one of the ground levels are coupled by a weak probe laser field and absorption takes place between these two states. The susceptibility due to the absorption for this transition has been calculated by using the master equation method in linear response theory. Numerical simulations are performed for the real and imaginary parts of the susceptibility for a photonic band gap material whose gap-midgap ratio is 21%. It is found that when resonance frequencies lie within the band, the medium becomes transparent under the action of the strong pump laser field. More interesting results are found when one of the resonance frequencies lies at the band edge and within the band gap. When the resonance frequency lies at the band edge, the medium becomes nontransparent even under a strong pump laser field. On the other hand, when the resonance frequency lies within the band gap, the medium becomes transparent even under a weak pump laser field. In summary, we found that the medium can be transformed from the transparent state to the nontransparent state just by changing the location of the resonance frequency. We call these two effects anomalous electromagnetically induced transparency.