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Orbital and Spin - Toyi Mechanism - Bohr model with Victoria Equation

Javier Silvestre

Published May 1, 2019• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Bohr model coupled with Victoria Theory proposes that electron is separated into electronic extremes, achieving currently accepted electronic cloud, geometry and probability. Toyi mechanism is centred on movements of electronic extremes (orbital and spin).

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Following postulates focus application on atomic electrons which, by balancing and swinging of electronic extremes around pivot or initial position, achieve electron cloud with specific positions and momentums and always maintaining initial energy with electronic extremes energy sum (equi-energetic state or ES). First Victoria Equation applications serve to make an initial approximation to atomic radius, to show 2 electronics extremes radial distribution from which velocities and momentums are derived, as well as to know nuclear radius distance and energy of both electronic extremes as function of parameter called birth wavelength division.
This chapter illustrates Niels Bohr's ideas in some detail. In the formulation of his model, Bohr assumed that the electron in the hydrogen atom moves under the influence of the Coulomb attraction between it and the positively charged nucleus, as assumed in classical mechanics. The Bohr model was very successful in explaining the discrete atomic spectra of one-electron atoms. The Bohr model is, of course, a theoretical model of an atom. Using Bohr's quantization postulate, find the linear velocity of the electron's sphere. To find the radius of the orbit, Bohr postulated that the angular momentum of the electron is quantized, i.e., it can only take values that are integer multiples of ħ. The chapter begins with considering the classical equation of motion for the electron in a circular orbit, which is based on Newton's laws of motion and Coulomb's law of electric force.
Proceeding from the double-cone model of Helium, based on Bohr’s theorem and recently published in [13], a spherical modification could be made by introducing a second electron rotation which exhibits a rotation axis perpendicular to the first one. Thereby, each rotation is induced by the spin of one electron. Thus the trajectory of each electron represents the superposition of two separate orbits, while each electron is always positioned opposite to the other one. Both electron velocities are equal and constant, due to their mutual coupling. The 3D electron orbits could be 2D-graphed by separately projecting them on the x/z-plane of a Cartesian coordinate system, and by plotting the evaluated x-, y- and z-values versus the rotation angle. Due to the decreased electron velocity, the resulting radius is twice the size of the one in the double-cone model. Even if distinct evidence is not feasible, e.g. by means of X-ray crystallographic data, this modified model appears to be the more plausible one, due to its higher cloud coverage, and since it comes closer to Kimball’s charge cloud model.
The electronic transition energies from the electron clouds are the same as predicted by the Bohr model. The hydrogen atom, most probable radius of the first quantum mechanical electron cloud is identical to the radius of the first Bohr orbit. The quantum mechanical description goes much further, however. Not only does it predict a series of increasingly larger spherical electron clouds, but other electron cloud series as well. Because of their three dimensional shapes, these electron clouds sometimes are said to describe space states. The analogy to planetary orbits ends when we grasp the fact that quantum mechanical electron clouds are three-dimensional, where a Bohr orbit would be a circle lying entirely in a plane. Quantum mechanics also predicts the ionization energy of the hydrogen atom.