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Arbitary waveform synthesis using binary Josephson arrays.

Peter Kleinschmidt, P. Patel, J M Williams, T. J. B. M. Janssen, Ralf Behr, J. Kohlmann, J. Niemeyer, Juha Hassel, Heikki Seppä

Published Jan 1, 2001• 0 citations
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Abstract

The Josephson primary DC voltage standard is very successful quantum standard. Recently it has become possible to divide Josephson arrays up into binary segments, thereby creating the possibility of developing a digital to analogue converter with quantum accuracy. These new arrays are based upon non-hysteretic Josephson junctions, which allow the voltage to be changed almost instantaneously. In this paper we will investigate the properties of two different types of Josephson arrays, one type is an intrinsically shunted array of junctions or so-called SINIS array, while the second type is externally shunted via small on-chip resistors. The arrays are biased using a purpose built computer controlled bias source discussed in a separate paper in this conference. We will discuss the accuracy of the generated voltage and investigate the ac properties.

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Investigation of binary Josephson arrays for arbitrary waveform synthesis

Peter Kleinschmidt, P. Patel, Jonathan M. J. Williams +1 more

Arrays of Josephson junctions have been used successfully for many years as the primary standard of voltage. A recent development has been the fabrication of arrays, based on non-hysteretic Josephson junctions, which allows the voltage output to be changed almost instantaneously. When these arrays are divided into binary segments a ‘digital-to-analogue converter’ with quantum accuracy is created. The properties of two types of array, a SINIS array, using intrinsic shunting of the Josephson junctions, and a SIS array with external, on-chip shunting have been investigated. The accuracy of the generated voltages and AC properties of the arrays when driven with a purpose-built, programmable current bias source are discussed. It is anticipated that a Josephson standard having waveforms with calculable rms values of AC voltage will soon be available.

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IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement•Apr 29, 2019•6 citations

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Jonathan M. J. Williams, Dale Henderson, Takahiro Yamada

This paper describes the development of a quantum waveform synthesizer operating at a sampling frequency of 100 kHz with the aim of generating sine waves directly traceable to the Josesphson quantum voltage standard. The quantum reference is based on arrays of 65 536 Josephson junctions, fabricated using Nb/TiN/Nb technology and operating at a bias frequency of 16 GHz corresponding to an output voltage of approximately 2.2 V. The synthesizer contains a specially constructed difference amplifier, digital source and anti-imaging filter. The type A uncertainty is estimated to be 40 nV for a 1s observation time.

Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements•Jul 1, 2012•1 citation
The Josephson primary DC voltage standard is very successful quantum standard. Recently it has become possible to divide Josephson arrays up into binary segments, thereby creating the possibility of developing a digital to analogue converter with quantum accuracy. These new arrays are based upon non-hysteretic Josephson junctions, which allow the voltage to be changed almost instantaneously.
In this paper we will investigate the properties of two different types of Josephson arrays, one type is an intrinsically shunted array of junctions or so-called SINIS array, while the second type is externally shunted via small on-chip resistors. The arrays are biased using a purpose built computer controlled bias source discussed in a separate paper in this conference. We will discuss the accuracy of the generated voltage and investigate the ac properties.
Arrays of Josephson junctions have been used successfully for many years as the primary standard of voltage. A recent development has been the fabrication of arrays, based on non-hysteretic Josephson junctions, which allows the voltage output to be changed almost instantaneously. When these arrays are divided into binary segments a ‘digital-to-analogue converter’ with quantum accuracy is created. The properties of two types of array, a SINIS array, using intrinsic shunting of the Josephson junctions, and a SIS array with external, on-chip shunting have been investigated. The accuracy of the generated voltages and AC properties of the arrays when driven with a purpose-built, programmable current bias source are discussed. It is anticipated that a Josephson standard having waveforms with calculable rms values of AC voltage will soon be available.
A synthesizer of precision ac waveforms based on a binary superconductor insulator-normal metal-insulator-superconductor (SINIS) Josephson junction array has been developed. The array segments are individually biased using a high-speed bias source which gives a switching time of approximately 250 ns between voltage steps. The accuracy limitations of the system due to limited risetime and bandwidth are discussed. Comparisons between the synthesizer and a planar multijunction thermal converter (PMJTC) indicate that it is possible to synthesize sine waves with known rms value having an accuracy in the range of 1 part in 10/sup 7/.
This paper reports the progress of binary Josephson system for precise ac waveform synthesis in National Institute of Metrology, China (NIM). We designed a 32-channel bias source for dynamic voltage synthesis up to 1 kHz with a programmable Josephson junction array. The latest design of output drive current has a rise-time less than 50 ns on 100 ohm resistant. The 32-channel bias source is able to simultaneously provide bias current for two 1-volt SINIS junction arrays to synthesis two synchronous AC voltages.
Quantum digital-to-analog converters (DACs) based on programmable Josephson array [Programmable Josephson Voltage Standard (PJVS)] represent the most widely used quantum standard in ac voltage calibrations. The extension of PJVS frequency above the kilohertz range appears to be arduous; however, some enhancements are still practicable. In this work, we demonstrate the possibility to advantageously operate a conventional binary-divided PJVS array with a reduced number of bias lines. This feature is achieved by exploiting both the first and the second Shapiro steps along with nonconventional DAC codings. Two newly devised bias techniques are described in detail and preliminary experimental tests on waveform synthesis have been carried out and are presented here.
This paper describes the development of a quantum waveform synthesizer operating at a sampling frequency of 100 kHz with the aim of generating sine waves directly traceable to the Josesphson quantum voltage standard. The quantum reference is based on arrays of 65 536 Josephson junctions, fabricated using Nb/TiN/Nb technology and operating at a bias frequency of 16 GHz corresponding to an output voltage of approximately 2.2 V. The synthesizer contains a specially constructed difference amplifier, digital source and anti-imaging filter. The type A uncertainty is estimated to be 40 nV for a 1s observation time.