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Modelling and simulation of improved scarani-acin-ribordy-GISIN-04 preprocessing technique

Mohd Hairul Nizam Md Nasir, Rinie Narinie

Published Nov 1, 2015• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) can be considered as the best secured technol- ogy that appreciates the quantum mechanics principals in terms of information transmission over vulnerable quantum channel. QKD ensures that both parties can share the matched secret key through particular designated method in order to protect the shared key from the intruders to eavesdrop the information. Every procedure needs its own protocol to carry out the work accordingly and there are many QKD protocols in the quantum system that can be used in the transmission. In this study, the Scarani, Acin, Ribordy and Gisin 2004 (SARG04) protocol has been choosen because of its robustness against Photon Number Split- ting (PNS) attack compared to Bennet and Brassard 1984 (BB84) protocol. It is more likely that by improving secret key rate, the system can be more robust. Therefore, enhancing the secret key rate is one of the best way to enhance the security and authentication of the communication system. The Improved SARG04 (ISARG04) was introduced in a thesis by Ghazali (2012) in order to enhance secret key rate and its confidentiality from unauthorized parties. However, the studies were not being compared with SARG04 preprocessing technique. Therefore in this study, a mathematical modeling and a comparison between the secret key rate of the preprocessing of the existing SARG04 and the proposed technique of ISARG04 will be investigated in more details.The results of this study show that the preprocessing technique of ISARG04 pro- tocol is robust within the range of Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) between 0:14625 and 0:14880. The ratio of secret key rate between ISARG04 and SARG04 is exceeds one, hence the modification is improved. This outcome has shown an improved secret key rate against PNS attack. In consequence, it is expected that this study will bring an aspiration and contribution for future QKD protocol.

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Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is an enabling technology to current modern cryptography which utilizes nature properties of light to transfer key information safely over an unsecured channel. Via this application, both communicating parties can share an identical secret key for their chosen cryptographic scheme in various applications which demand a protection to their highly important message. A designated key bits reconciliation method is known as QKD protocol. The first ever protocol introduced and popularly used is the Bennett and Brassard 1984 (BB84) protocol. However the implementation with current technology has restricted its primary capability to guarantee the security of secret key establishment. As a result, it is vulnerable to Eavesdropping attack. This leads many works on practical protocol and the most significant contribution having used the same setup as the BB84 protocol is the Scarani, Acin, Ribordy and Gisin 2004 (SARG04) protocol. The SARG04 is more robust against photon number splitting attacks and double the BB84 critical transmission distance. Nevertheless SARG04 protocol still has lower percentage of sifted key bit compared to BB84 protocol. Therefore this study has embarked its objectives on identifying and proposing a new QKD protocol which can improve the robustness while allowing higher final key length. The alternative protocol is designed by combining the existing SARG04 decoding with improved SARG04 decoding (ISARG04). Unlike SARG04 which discards any inconclusive result from his measurement, ISARG04 will always accept the non orthogonal state with half probability of error. The robustness of the proposed protocol is simulated based on simple Intercept Resend attack and photon number splitting attacks in quantum key distribution. This new protocol is robust up to two photons per pulse and has an improvement to secure transmissions of bits at higher link loss, up to 26.7 dB. In summary, this work has presented an improved discrete variable protocol which improved the sifted key length and robust to eavesdropping. It is hope that, this contribution might be a breakthrough for near future QKD protocol.

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Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) can be considered as the best secured technol- ogy that appreciates the quantum mechanics principals in terms of information transmission over vulnerable quantum channel. QKD ensures that both parties can share the matched secret key through particular designated method in order to protect the shared key from the intruders to eavesdrop the information. Every procedure needs its own protocol to carry out the work accordingly and there are many QKD protocols in the quantum system that can be used in the transmission. In this study, the Scarani, Acin, Ribordy and Gisin 2004 (SARG04) protocol has been choosen because of its robustness against Photon Number Split- ting (PNS) attack compared to Bennet and Brassard 1984 (BB84) protocol. It is more likely that by improving secret key rate, the system can be more robust. Therefore, enhancing the secret key rate is one of the best way to enhance the security and authentication of the communication system. The Improved SARG04 (ISARG04) was introduced in a thesis by Ghazali (2012) in order to enhance secret key rate and its confidentiality from unauthorized parties. However, the studies were not being compared with SARG04 preprocessing technique. Therefore in this study, a mathematical modeling and a comparison between the secret key rate of the preprocessing of the existing SARG04 and the proposed technique of ISARG04 will be investigated in more details.The results of this study show that the preprocessing technique of ISARG04 pro- tocol is robust within the range of Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) between 0:14625 and 0:14880. The ratio of secret key rate between ISARG04 and SARG04 is exceeds one, hence the modification is improved. This outcome has shown an improved secret key rate against PNS attack. In consequence, it is expected that this study will bring an aspiration and contribution for future QKD protocol.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is an enabling technology to current modern cryptography which utilizes nature properties of light to transfer key information safely over an unsecured channel. Via this application, both communicating parties can share an identical secret key for their chosen cryptographic scheme in various applications which demand a protection to their highly important message. A designated key bits reconciliation method is known as QKD protocol. The first ever protocol introduced and popularly used is the Bennett and Brassard 1984 (BB84) protocol. However the implementation with current technology has restricted its primary capability to guarantee the security of secret key establishment. As a result, it is vulnerable to Eavesdropping attack. This leads many works on practical protocol and the most significant contribution having used the same setup as the BB84 protocol is the Scarani, Acin, Ribordy and Gisin 2004 (SARG04) protocol. The SARG04 is more robust against photon number splitting attacks and double the BB84 critical transmission distance. Nevertheless SARG04 protocol still has lower percentage of sifted key bit compared to BB84 protocol. Therefore this study has embarked its objectives on identifying and proposing a new QKD protocol which can improve the robustness while allowing higher final key length. The alternative protocol is designed by combining the existing SARG04 decoding with improved SARG04 decoding (ISARG04). Unlike SARG04 which discards any inconclusive result from his measurement, ISARG04 will always accept the non orthogonal state with half probability of error. The robustness of the proposed protocol is simulated based on simple Intercept Resend attack and photon number splitting attacks in quantum key distribution. This new protocol is robust up to two photons per pulse and has an improvement to secure transmissions of bits at higher link loss, up to 26.7 dB. In summary, this work has presented an improved discrete variable protocol which improved the sifted key length and robust to eavesdropping. It is hope that, this contribution might be a breakthrough for near future QKD protocol.
We compare the performance of Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84) and Scarani-Acin-Ribordy-Gisin 2004 (SARG04) protocols, the latter of which was proposed by V. Scarani et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 057901 (2004)]. Specifically, in this paper, we investigate the SARG04 protocol with two-way classical communications and the SARG04 protocol with decoy states. In the first part of the paper, we show that the SARG04 scheme with two-way communications can tolerate a higher bit error rate (19.4% for a one-photon source and 6.56% for a two-photon source) than the SARG04 one with one-way communications (10.95% for a one-photon source and 2.71% for a two-photon source). Also, the upper bounds on the bit error rate for the SARG04 protocol with two-way communications are computed in a closed form by considering an individual attack based on a general measurement. In the second part of the paper, we propose employing the idea of decoy states in the SARG04 scheme to obtain unconditional security even when realistic devices are used. We compare the performance of the SARG04 protocol with decoy states and the BB84 one with decoy states. We find that the optimal mean-photon number for the SARG04 scheme is higher than that of the BB84 one when the bit error rate is small. Also, we observe that the SARG04 protocol does not achieve a longer secure distance and a higher key generation rate than the BB84 one, assuming a typical experimental parameter set.
The measurement device independent (MDI) Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a practically implementable method for transmitting secret keys between respective partners performing quantum communication. SARG04 (Scarani-Acìn-Ribordy-Gisin 2004) is a protocol tailored to struggle against photon number splitting (PNS) attacks by eavesdroppers and its MDI-QKD version is reviewed and optimized from secret key bitrate versus communication distance point of view. We consider the effect of several important factors such as error correction function, dark counting parameter and quantum efficiency in order to achieve the largest key bitrate versus longest communication distance.
The Scarani-Acin-Ribordy-Gisin 2004 (SARG04) protocol was proposed by V. Scarani et al. In this paper, the performance of SARG04 protocols utilizing weak coherent state (WCS) and heralded single photon source (HSPS) are investigated, and the influence of decoy-state idea on SARG04 protocol is analyzed. Furthermore, the choice of optimal signal intensity for SARG04 protocol is discussed and the condition that the optimal signal intensity satisfies is obtained. The simulation and analysis results show that SARG04 protocol with WCS has the best key generation rate and transmission distance (88 km) comparing with SARG04 protocol with HSPS, BB84 protocol with WCS or HSPS. The decoy state method can substantially prolong the secure distance of SARG04 protocol to 165 km with WCS and 173 km with HSPS, and the performance of decoy-state SARG04 protocol is better than that of decoy-state BB84 protocol. The decoy state method weakens the dependence of the optimal signal intensity on the overall transmission probability.
For the Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84) quantum key distribution, longer distance and higher key generating rate is shown with a heralded single-photon source (HSPS) [Phys. Rev. A. 73, 032331 (2006)]. In this paper, the performance of the Scarani-Acin-Ribordy-Gisim (SARG) protocol utilizing the HSPS sources is considered and the numerical simulation turns out that still a significant improvement in secret key generating rate can also be observed. It is shown that the security distance for HSPS+SARG\mathrm{HSPS}+\mathrm{SARG}HSPS+SARG is 120km120\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{km}120km. However, compared with the HSPS+BB84\mathrm{HSPS}+\mathrm{BB}84HSPS+BB84 protocols, the HSPS+SARG\mathrm{HSPS}+\mathrm{SARG}HSPS+SARG protocol has a lower secret key rate and a shorter distance. Thus we show the HSPS+BB84\mathrm{HSPS}+\mathrm{BB}84HSPS+BB84 implementation is a preferable protocol for long distance transmittance.
Quantum communication leverages the principles of quantum mechanics, such as superposition and entanglement, for inherently secure data transmission that can detect any eavesdropping attempt. This research addresses the limitations of classical encryption by proposing a hybrid Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol that integrates the Bennett & Brassard 1984 Protocol(BB84) and Scarani-Acín-Ribordy-Gisin 2004 Protocol(SARG04) protocols. The primary objective is to enhance resilience against advanced threats such as Photon Number Splitting (PNS) and collective attacks, which are significant vulnerabilities in standard QKD implementations. The quantum channel is modeled using Qiskit Aer's noise framework, incorporating fiber attenuation (0.1−0.25 dB/km0.1-0.25 ~\text{dB} / \text{km}0.1−0.25 dB/km), depolarization (1−5%1-5 \%1−5%), and detector dark counts (0.01−0.030.01-0.030.01−0.03probability), varied across 10 rounds. A simulation spanning 10 rounds evaluated key metrics, including Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER), photon loss, and final key entropy. The results demonstrate the protocol's robustness, achieving a 0 % QBER in 50 % of the trials, representing a significant improvement in secure key generation. The average QBER across all rounds was 12.5 %, which is well below the 11 % theoretical threshold for secure communication. The highest QBER recorded was5 0 %\text{5 0 \%}5 0 %in Round 02, where high depolarization and an eavesdropping attempt were simulated. The work's findings indicate that the hybrid BB84-SARG04 protocol significantly enhances the security and reliability of quantum communication.