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IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference

On the Average Secrecy Capacity for FSO Wiretap Channels with Nonzero Boresight Pointing Errors

Rubén Boluda-Ruiz, Carmen Castillo-Vázquez, Beatriz Castillo-Vázquez, Antonio García-Zambrana, Khalid A. Qaraqe

Published Aug 1, 2018• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Today, free-space optical (FSO) communication in the presence of an eavesdropper is considered as an important topic in the current literature. In this paper, security issues are investigated for FSO wiretap channels. Novel closed-form solutions, both approximate and asymptotic, for the average secrecy capacity (ASC) are derived over gamma-gamma (GG) atmospheric turbulence channels with pointing errors. As a significant aspect, misalignment errors at the eavesdropper's receiver follow the Rice distribution in order to take into consideration the spacing between the legitimate receiver and the eavesdropper's receiver, which is modeled as a nonzero boresight displacement. It is concluded that a greater normalized beam width is required to reduce the loss produced by such attacks in the high signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) regime. Analytical results are further verified by Monte Carlo simulation results.

DOI
10.1109/vtcfall.2018.8690586

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Today, free-space optical (FSO) communication in the presence of an eavesdropper is considered as an important topic in the current literature. In this paper, security issues are investigated for FSO wiretap channels. Novel closed-form solutions, both approximate and asymptotic, for the average secrecy capacity (ASC) are derived over gamma-gamma (GG) atmospheric turbulence channels with pointing errors. As a significant aspect, misalignment errors at the eavesdropper's receiver follow the Rice distribution in order to take into consideration the spacing between the legitimate receiver and the eavesdropper's receiver, which is modeled as a nonzero boresight displacement. It is concluded that a greater normalized beam width is required to reduce the loss produced by such attacks in the high signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) regime. Analytical results are further verified by Monte Carlo simulation results.
Despite the high directivity of optical beams, free-space optical (FSO) communications may be compromised by the presence of an external observer, particularly when the beam footprint at the receiver side is greatly wider than the receiver size. In this paper, a new framework is developed for the analysis of the secrecy outage probability (SOP) and the probability of strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC) in FSO systems over gamma-gamma (GG) fading channels with nonzero boresight pointing errors. As a key feature, we include the eavesdropper's location in the pointing error model corresponding to the wiretap channel model. In this way, new approximate and asymptotic solutions for both the SOP and the probability of SPSC are obtained in closed-form, which are validated by Monte Carlo simulations. Using the developed expressions, we can study some effects such as the impact of the eavesdropper's location and the beam width on the secrecy outage performance.
Lately, it has been demonstrated that free-space optical (FSO) communication systems are not interception-free. For that reason, the scientific community is paying special attention to study these links from a physical layer security point of view. In this work, some potential eavesdropping attacks are studied for multiple-input/single-output (MISO) FSO communication systems with equal gain combining (EGC) reception over gamma-gamma (GG) and misalignment fading channels. A novel asymptotic solution at high signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) is obtained to compute the average secrecy rate over turbulence channels. The robustness of FSO technology is once again proven by employing multiple laser sources at the transmitter side and, hence increasing the secrecy rate and obtaining a performance close to the capacity with no eavesdropper.
It has recently been proved that the free-space optical (FSO) communication links are susceptible to interceptions. Due to this reason, the optics community shows a special interest in studying these high-speed links in greater detail from a physical layer security (PLS) point of view. Therefore, in this paper, we propose, for the first time, enhancing the average secrecy capacity (ASC) in FSO links via multiple-input/single-output (MISO) systems. It is well-known that the fading effects in FSO channels can be significantly mitigated by exploiting spatial diversity techniques at the transmitter end. Thus, we develop a new asymptotic closed-form solution at high signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) to accurately compute the ASC for MISO based FSO communication systems with equal gain combining (EGC) reception through generalized misalignment and atmospheric turbulence-induced fading channels. As a key feature, we investigate the impact of the eavesdropper's orientation along with its location in the pointing error model. We can conclude that the influence of the eavesdropper on recollecting radiated power is diminished considerably by increasing not only the normalized beam width at the receiver end, but also by increasing the number of laser sources. Numerical results are tested by exact Monte Carlo simulations.
When the beam waist at the receiver is significantly larger than the receiver size, free-space optical (FSO) links may be vulnerable to some optical tapping risks at the physical layer. In this paper, we conduct a new framework for the analysis of the secrecy performance in terms of the secrecy outage probability (SOP) of FSO systems affected by gamma-gamma (GG) turbulence-induced fading channels with pointing errors. As a key feature, we evaluate the SOP in the presence of an external eavesdropper with generic location and orientation. For that reason, a new misalignment error model is proposed to consider a non-orthogonal optical beam with respect to the photodetector plane at the eavesdropper's receiver, where the effective area is determined by a rotated ellipse. New approximate and asymptotic solutions at high signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) for the secrecy performance are obtained in closed-form, which are verified by exact Monte Carlo simulations. By using the developed expressions, we analyze in greater detail some effects such as the SNR of the eavesdropper's channel, the normalized beamwidth at the receiver-side, and the location and orientation of the eavesdropper on the secrecy performance for different turbulence conditions.
In this paper, we numerically study the secrecy performance of the free-space optical (FSO) system by considering different eavesdropping scenarios. More precisely, we considered three possible eavesdropping scenarios for Eve : 1) Eve is between Alice and Bob ; 2) Eve and Bob are in the same receiving plane; 3) Eve is behind Bob . We adopt the Málaga ( M )-distribution channel to model atmospheric turbulence due to the presence of link blockage while considering the non-zero boresight pointing error and path loss. To do so, we obtain a novel probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) under different eavesdropping scenarios, based on which we derived the secrecy outage probability (SOP) analytical expressions as well as their asymptotic expressions at a high SNR regime. We verified the results using Monte Carlo simulations, which showed that the parameters related to atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors, as well as the location of the eavesdropper, have different effects on different eavesdropping scenarios.
With the continued development of optical wireless communications, the security performance of free space optical (FSO) communications is the most crucial aspect that should receive significant attention. Despite the fact that FSO communications are considered more secure than radio frequency systems, their link performance degrades due to some environmental factors such as atmospheric turbulence, fog, and non-zero boresight pointing errors. The combined effect of these factors on the secrecy performance of FSO communication systems over the generalized Malaga- M fading channel is investigated in this paper. This work assumes a more realistic eavesdropping scenario in which both legitimate and unauthorized receivers are located on the same receiving plane. Secrecy outage probability and strictly positive secrecy capacity are expressed in exact closed-form expressions in this work. The results show that the FSO system has acceptable secrecy performance in moderate and light fog, with potential reach distances ranging from hundreds of meters to a few kilometers. Monte-Carlo simulations are used to verify the numerical results.