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International Journal of Quantum Information

A synchronous quantum blind signature scheme with entanglement swapping

Ling Fan, Cong Cao

Published Feb 1, 2019• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present an arbitrated quantum blind signature scheme by entanglement swapping, which is simplified from the preparation and operation of the quantum states. Compared with the classical blind signature, quantum arbitration has added the role of the third party arbitration, so the structure of the protocol has changed. The traceability depends on the third party arbitration, and the blind operation and the signature operation can be carried out simultaneously.

DOI
10.1142/s0219749919500072

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We present an arbitrated quantum blind signature scheme by entanglement swapping, which is simplified from the preparation and operation of the quantum states. Compared with the classical blind signature, quantum arbitration has added the role of the third party arbitration, so the structure of the protocol has changed. The traceability depends on the third party arbitration, and the blind operation and the signature operation can be carried out simultaneously.
Quantum signature protocols often rely on quantum states to carry signature information directly. However, they need SWAP tests, which require numerous copies to ensure accuracy and security, resulting in high implementation costs. This study proposes an arbitrated quantum signature protocol that incorporates classical information with entanglement swapping. Quantum states are converted into classical information immediately after measurement. The protocol does not rely on SWAP tests, avoids long-term storage of quantum signatures, and employs exclusive-OR operations and hash functions to process signature data. By leveraging a third-party arbitrator, it enables reliable identity verification of the signer and verifier, thereby guaranteeing unforgeability and nonrepudiation.
In this paper an arbitrated quantum signature scheme based on entanglement swapping is proposed. In this scheme a message to be signed is coded with unitary operators. Combining quantum measurement with quantum encryption, the signer can generate the signature for a given message. Combining the entangled states generated by the TTP's Bell measurement with the signature information, the verifier can verify the authentication of a signature through a single quantum state measurement. Compared with previous schemes, our scheme is more efficient and less complex, furthermore, our scheme can ensure the anonymity of the signer.
In this paper, we put forward a weak blind quantum signature scheme based on quantum entanglement swapping of Bell states. Different from the existing quantum signature schemes, our scheme can offer two-step verification security services to ensure the validity of the verification. In order to guarantee the unconditional security of the scheme, the quantum key distribution protocol and one-time pad encryption algorithm are employed in our scheme. Besides, the entanglement swapping of Bell states mechanism enhances the security of verification criteria. The proposed scheme has the properties of nonforgeability, nonrepudiation, blindness, and traceability.
According to the principle of quantum entanglement swapping of GHZ states, this paper put forward a blind signature scheme based on quantum entanglement. Without performing any unitary operation, all participants just need to do Bell measurements on new entangled particles emerging from entanglement swapping of GHZ states to complete blind signature and verification. It is not difficult to prove that the proposed scheme processes the features of nonforgeability, non-disavowal and blindness. Furthermore, compared to some other blind signature schemes on entangled states, our scheme is more efficient because except a few decoy particles, only 2 GHZ states are required for signing each 3 bits in the message.
An arbitrated quantum signature scheme based on entanglement swapping is proposed in this paper. On the foundation of Bell states, the message to be signed is coded with a unitary sequence, and consequently the unitary sequence is used to calibrate the Bell states between the signer and the arbitrator, finally the signature is generated through quantum cryptography. Using the correlation states generated through entanglement swapping on the arbitrators side, the receiver can verify the signature through Bell measurement on his own side. In this scheme, anyone except the authentic signer cannot forge a legal signature and the true receiver cannot deny his recipient because the security of underling quantum cryptography and the participantsprivacy are effectively protected in this scheme.
In some schemes, quantum blind signatures require the use of difficult-to-prepare multiparticle entangled states. By considering the communication overhead, quantum operation complexity, verification efficiency and other relevant factors in practical situations, this article proposes a non-entangled quantum blind signature scheme based on dense encoding. The information owner utilizes dense encoding and hash functions to blind the information while reducing the use of quantum resources. After receiving particles, the signer encrypts the message using a one-way function and performs a Hadamard gate operation on the selected single photon to generate the signature. Then the verifier performs a Hadamard gate inverse operation on the signature and combines it with the encoding rules to restore the message and complete the verification. Compared with some typical quantum blind signature protocols, this protocol has strong blindness in privacy protection, and higher flexibility in scalability and application. The signer can adjust the signature operation according to the actual situation, which greatly simplifies the complexity of the signature. By simultaneously utilizing the secondary distribution and rearrangement of non-entangled quantum states, a non-entangled quantum state representation of three bits of classical information is achieved, reducing the use of a large amount of quantum resources and lowering implementation costs. This improves both signature verification efficiency and communication efficiency while, at the same time, this scheme meets the requirements of unforgeability, non-repudiation, and prevention of information leakage.