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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Accessing Nonlinearity in Superconducting Millimeter Wave Coplanar Resonators

Alexander Anferov, Aziza Suleymanzade, Jonathan Simon, David Schuster

Published Mar 7, 2019• 0 citations
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Millimeter-wave superconducting devices offer a platform for quantum experiments at temperatures above 1 K, and new avenues for studying light-matter interactions in the strong coupling regime. Using the intrinsic nonlinearity associated with kinetic inductance of thin-film materials, we realize four-wave mixing at millimeter-wave frequencies, demonstrating a key component for superconducting quantum systems. We report on the performance of niobium nitride resonators around 100 GHz, patterned on thin (20--50-nm) films grown by atomic layer deposition, with sheet inductances up to $212\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{pH}/◻$ and critical temperatures up to 13.9 K. For films thicker than 20 nm, we measure quality factors from $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}$ to $6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}$, and explore potential loss mechanisms. Finally, we measure degenerate parametric conversion for a 95-GHz device with a forward efficiency up to $+16\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{dB}$, paving the way for the development of nonlinear quantum devices at millimeter-wave frequencies.

arXiv:1909.01487•Physical Review Applied•Feb 21, 2020•46 citations
Investigations into the propagation characteristics, specifically loss and wave velocity, of superconducting coplanar waveguides and microstrip lines were conducted at a 2 mm wavelength. This was achieved through the measurement of on-chip half-wavelength resonators, employing superconductor-insulator-superconductor tunnel junctions as detectors. A continuous wave millimeter wave probe signal was introduced to the chip via a silicon membrane-based orthomode transducer. This setup not only facilitated the injection of the probe signal but also provided a reference path essential for differential measurements. The observed resonance frequencies aligned closely with theoretical predictions, exhibiting a discrepancy of only several percent. However, the measured losses significantly exceeded those anticipated from quasi-particle loss mechanisms, suggesting the presence of additional loss factors. Notably, the measurement results revealed that the tangential loss attributable to the dielectric layer, specifically silicon dioxide, was approximately7±2×10−3{\text{7}\pm \text{2} \times \text{10}^{-\text{3}}}7±2×10−3. This factor emerged as the dominant contributor to overall loss at temperatures around4 K\text{4}\,{\text{K}}4K.
Millimeter-wave superconducting devices offer a platform for quantum experiments at temperatures above 1 K, and new avenues for studying light-matter interactions in the strong coupling regime. Using the intrinsic nonlinearity associated with kinetic inductance of thin-film materials, we realize four-wave mixing at millimeter-wave frequencies, demonstrating a key component for superconducting quantum systems. We report on the performance of niobium nitride resonators around 100 GHz, patterned on thin (20--50-nm) films grown by atomic layer deposition, with sheet inductances up to 212pH/◻212\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{pH}/◻212pH/◻ and critical temperatures up to 13.9 K. For films thicker than 20 nm, we measure quality factors from $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}$ to $6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}$, and explore potential loss mechanisms. Finally, we measure degenerate parametric conversion for a 95-GHz device with a forward efficiency up to +16dB+16\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{dB}+16dB, paving the way for the development of nonlinear quantum devices at millimeter-wave frequencies.