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Japanese Journal of Applied Physics

Precision measurement of cesium 6S–7S two-photon spectra with single trapped atoms

Yali Tian, Pengfei Yang, Wei Wu, Shaokang Li, Gang Li, Pengfei Zhang, Tiancai Zhang

Published Feb 20, 2019• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract A new method to precisely measure the hyperfine spectra of a weak atomic transition line with very low probe power is presented by combining the optical pumping and state detection techniques. By adopting such a method, we demonstrate an experiment to measure the cesium 6S–7S two-photon spectra with optically trapped single atoms. The power of the probe beam in our experiment is on the micro-watt level and the corresponding intensity is on the level of hundreds of watts per square centimeter. Both are much weaker than that of traditional fluorescence detection measurements. The corresponding hyperfine coupling constant A hps of the 7S state is also determined, and is in good agreement with former measurements.

DOI
10.7567/1347-4065/ab08cd

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Optics Letters•Sep 1, 1993•52 citations
Abstract A new method to precisely measure the hyperfine spectra of a weak atomic transition line with very low probe power is presented by combining the optical pumping and state detection techniques. By adopting such a method, we demonstrate an experiment to measure the cesium 6S–7S two-photon spectra with optically trapped single atoms. The power of the probe beam in our experiment is on the micro-watt level and the corresponding intensity is on the level of hundreds of watts per square centimeter. Both are much weaker than that of traditional fluorescence detection measurements. The corresponding hyperfine coupling constant A hps of the 7S state is also determined, and is in good agreement with former measurements.
Characterizing the trap-light-induced frequency shifts of optical Zeeman transitions is essential for the precise control of the interacting dynamics between optically trapped single atoms and external light fields. The closed hyperfine transition, for example, 6 S 1/2 | F = 4〉 → 6 P 3/2 | F ′ = 5〉 of the cesium (Cs) atom, is commonly used because of its high transition strength. However, within this hyperfine transition line, different Zeeman transitions experience distinct light shifts due to diverse susceptibilities to the light field, which are usually sorted as dynamic scalar, vector, and tensor polarizabilities. Here, we report an efficient method for measuring the light shifts of optical Zeeman transitions using single neutral atoms confined in an optical tweezer (OT). The method employs a weak probe beam together with an auxiliary optical pumping beam to manipulate the atomic population in ground states. In this way, population changes in a specific Zeeman state are mapped onto a different ground-state hyperfine manifold, allowing the optical spectrum of the Zeeman transition to be reconstructed through standard state-detection techniques. By using the method, we demonstrate the spectrum measurement of the open Zeeman transition 6 S 1/2 | F = 4, m F = 4〉 → 6 P 3/2 | F ′ = 5, m F ′ = 3〉 for a single Cs atom trapped in a π polarized OT. We further perform a systematic characterization of the tweezer-induced light shifts for both this open transition and the closed Zeeman transition 6 S 1/2 | F = 4, m F = 4〉 → 6 P 3/2 | F ′ = 5, m F ′ = 5〉 over a wide range of trap depths. The influence of the tensor polarizability in deep trap depths is experimentally observed.
We present precise, sub-wavelength optical intensity measurement using a single trapped 87^{87}87Rb atom as a sensor. The intensity is measured by the scalar ac Stark shift it produces on the F=1→F′=2F=1 \rightarrow F'=2F=1→F′=2 hyperfine transition of the D2_{2}2​ line, chosen for its F′=F+1F' = F+1F′=F+1 structure and very small tensor polarizability. To boost signal and reduce measurement-induced perturbations, we use a quantum jump spectroscopy technique in which a single absorbed photon on a transition of interest induces the scattering of hundreds of photons on a bright closed transition. The method greatly reduces systematic effects associated with the atomic state, optical polarization, probe power, and atom heating, and gives the atomic temperature as a second spectroscopic observable. We demonstrate the method by measuring the intensity at the focus of an optical tweezer.
By monitoring the transmission of probe laser beam (also served as coupling laser beam) which is locked to a cycling hyperfine transition of cesium D(2) line, while pumping laser is scanned across cesium D(1) or D(2) lines, the single-resonance optical pumping (SROP) spectra are obtained with atomic vapor cell. The SROP spectra indicate the variation of the zero-velocity atoms population of one hyperfine fold of ground state, which is optically pumped into another hyperfine fold of ground state by pumping laser. With the virtue of Doppler-free linewidth, high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), flat background and elimination of crossover resonance lines (CRLs), the SROP spectra with atomic vapor cell around room temperature can be employed to measure dressed-state splitting of ground state, which is normally detected with laser-cooled atomic sample only, even if the dressed-state splitting is much smaller than the Doppler-broaden linewidth at room temperature.
Summary form only given. Utilizing cold and trapped atoms for precision spectroscopy of weak atomic transitions has two important advantages: the suppression of Doppler and time-of-flight broadenings and a combination of long interaction times, weak perturbations and tight confinement, which can be obtained using dark optical traps. We present a new and extremely sensitive method for measuring weak transitions with cold atoms in a dark optical trap, using electron shelving spectroscopy. Our scheme is based on a /spl Lambda/ system. Atoms with two ground states (for example, two hyperfine levels) are stored in the trap in a level that is coupled to the upper (excited) state, by an extremely weak transition. Atoms that undergo the weak transition may be shelved by a spontaneous Raman transition on the second ground level, which is uncoupled to the excited level by the measured photons. Finally, the detection scheme benefits from the multiply excited fluorescence of a strong closed transition from the uncoupled ground-state, that utilizes quantum amplification due to the electron shelving technique. We realized this scheme on a 5S/sub 1/2//spl rarr/5D/sub 5/2/ two-photon transition in cold and optically trapped /sup 85/Rb atoms.
We present a two-photon microwave spectra of cesium Rydberg atoms in the room-temperature vapor cell. The three-level atom including a ground state 6S1/2 (F = 4), an excited state 6P3/2 (F′ = 5) and Rydberg state consists of Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency (Rydberg-EIT), that is employed to detect the microwave two-photon spectra. The microwave field with frequency ν DD = 11.42865 GHz couples the transition of Rydberg energy level |68D5/2〉 → |69D5/2〉, measured two-photon spectra display a rich of information including the microwave ac Stark shifts and two-photon Autler-Townes (AT) splitting. In the strong microwave field, the two-photon spectroscopy shows the state mixture between |68D5/2〉 and |68D3/2〉 Stark lines. The microwave two-photon spectra of the |69S1/2〉 → |70S1/2〉 transition coupled with frequency ν SS = 11.73503 GHz are also presented. The Floquet theory is employed to simulate the two-photon microwave spectra, showing the good agreement with the measurements. The work suggests the new method that may be used to investigate the multi-photon field-atom interaction and as an atom-based technique for precision field measurements.