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IEICE Technical Report; IEICE Tech. Rep.

Fabrication of semiconductor-based single photon emitters for efficient quantum key distribution

H. Kumano, Kimura Satoshi, Suemune Ikuo

Published Aug 19, 2005• 0 citations
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The exploitation of emerging quantum technologies requires efficient fabrication of key building blocks. Sources of single photons are extremely important across many applications as they can serve as vectors for quantum information—thereby allowing long-range (perhaps even global-scale) quantum states to be made and manipulated for tasks such as quantum communication or distributed quantum computation. At the single-emitter level, quantum sources also afford new possibilities in terms of nanoscopy and bio-marking. Color centers in diamond are prominent candidates to generate and manipulate quantum states of light, as they are a photostable solid-state source of single photons at room temperature. In this review, we discuss the state of the art of diamond-based single-photon emitters and highlight their fabrication methodologies. We present the experimental techniques used to characterize the quantum emitters and discuss their photophysical properties. We outline a number of applications including quantum key distribution, bio-marking and sub-diffraction imaging, where diamond-based single emitters are playing a crucial role. We conclude with a discussion of the main challenges and perspectives for employing diamond emitters in quantum information processing.

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The security of current public key cryptosystems, such as RSA, depends on the difficulty of computing certain functions known as trapdoor functions. However, as computational resources become more abundant with the fast development of super- and quantum computers, relying on such methods for communication security becomes risky. Quantum key distribution (QKD), is a potential solution that can allow theoretically secure key exchange for future communications. Chip-scale integration of this solution for securing communication of embedded systems and hand held devices demands miniaturizing the optical components that are used in typical QKD boxes, hence reducing its size and cost. The aim of the work in this thesis is firstly investigating novel approaches to realising integrable single photon sources and detectors for applications such as QKD, and secondly proposing a chip-scale integrated QKD system with efficient and optimised optical components. In the first part of the thesis, a model for coupling 2D material emitters to rod-type photonic cavities is studied for room temperature single photon sources. Our investigated approach allows better coupling between the emitter and the cavity modes than conventional methods, while increasing light collection ratio. In the second part, site-controlled growth of semiconductor III-V nanowires on Si for photodetection applications is achieved by fabricating the sites using electron-beam lithography and wet etching. Studies were also carried out to investigate the effect of the wafer’s growth temperature on the nanowire formation. Finally, a model was proposed for realising a chip-scale QKD system using photonic crystals as a photonic circuit platform. The work involves increasing the Q-factor of the cavity single photon source, increasing cavity waveguide coupling, reducing losses in beam splitters and out-couplers. A final model of a chip-scale QKD system which involves the optimised components is proposed at the end of the thesis.

•Feb 28, 2017•0 citations
The exploitation of emerging quantum technologies requires efficient fabrication of key building blocks. Sources of single photons are extremely important across many applications as they can serve as vectors for quantum information—thereby allowing long-range (perhaps even global-scale) quantum states to be made and manipulated for tasks such as quantum communication or distributed quantum computation. At the single-emitter level, quantum sources also afford new possibilities in terms of nanoscopy and bio-marking. Color centers in diamond are prominent candidates to generate and manipulate quantum states of light, as they are a photostable solid-state source of single photons at room temperature. In this review, we discuss the state of the art of diamond-based single-photon emitters and highlight their fabrication methodologies. We present the experimental techniques used to characterize the quantum emitters and discuss their photophysical properties. We outline a number of applications including quantum key distribution, bio-marking and sub-diffraction imaging, where diamond-based single emitters are playing a crucial role. We conclude with a discussion of the main challenges and perspectives for employing diamond emitters in quantum information processing.
Quantum Key Distribution allows two users to exchange secret keys and it is based on the transmission of single photons or attenuated laser pulses. Recently, sources based on multiple single-photon emitters were demonstrated to be suitable for QKD. Here, we present a CMOS compatible multiple single-photon emitters source realized on a SOI wafer by a standard silicon diode doped with erbium ions. Particular emphasis is placed on the fabrication of such a device enhancing the erbium electroluminescence signal by adopting a proper oxygen co-doping. Finally, electroluminescence characterization at room temperature of the device is presented.
The security of current public key cryptosystems, such as RSA, depends on the difficulty of computing certain functions known as trapdoor functions. However, as computational resources become more abundant with the fast development of super- and quantum computers, relying on such methods for communication security becomes risky. Quantum key distribution (QKD), is a potential solution that can allow theoretically secure key exchange for future communications. Chip-scale integration of this solution for securing communication of embedded systems and hand held devices demands miniaturizing the optical components that are used in typical QKD boxes, hence reducing its size and cost. The aim of the work in this thesis is firstly investigating novel approaches to realising integrable single photon sources and detectors for applications such as QKD, and secondly proposing a chip-scale integrated QKD system with efficient and optimised optical components. In the first part of the thesis, a model for coupling 2D material emitters to rod-type photonic cavities is studied for room temperature single photon sources. Our investigated approach allows better coupling between the emitter and the cavity modes than conventional methods, while increasing light collection ratio. In the second part, site-controlled growth of semiconductor III-V nanowires on Si for photodetection applications is achieved by fabricating the sites using electron-beam lithography and wet etching. Studies were also carried out to investigate the effect of the wafer’s growth temperature on the nanowire formation. Finally, a model was proposed for realising a chip-scale QKD system using photonic crystals as a photonic circuit platform. The work involves increasing the Q-factor of the cavity single photon source, increasing cavity waveguide coupling, reducing losses in beam splitters and out-couplers. A final model of a chip-scale QKD system which involves the optimised components is proposed at the end of the thesis.