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Quantum effects from the classical principles

N. Klipa, Slobodan Danko Bosanac

Published Jan 1, 2000• 1 citation
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Abstract

Dynamics of a particle is formulated from classical principles that are amended by the uncertainty principle. Two best known quantum effects: interference and tunneling are discussed from these principles. It is shown that identical to quantum results are obtained by solving only classical equations of motion. Within the context of interference Aharonov-Bohm effect is solved as a local action of magnetic force on the particle. On the example of tunneling it is demonstrated how uncertainty principle amends traditional classical mechanics: it allows the momentum of the particle to change without the force being the cause of it.

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Canonical force and electromagnetic geometrical phase in particle interference

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We provide arguments which demonstrate that the Berry phase effects involving particle interference in the presence of external electric and magnetic fields—namely the Aharonov–Bohm (AB), Aharonov–Casher (AC) and the Röntgen (R) effects—cannot be unambiguously explained (as has been controversially argued) through the use of any classical mechanical force. In fact, in the three scenarios which we consider, the only means to reclaim the standard quantum mechanical results is to use the expressions for the force that fail to satisfy the necessary conditions of gauge invariance. Our arguments explain the foundation of the controversy and confirm the standard idea that the Berry phase effects in question are non-local phenomena which only arise in the application of quantum theory. We lay special emphasis on the use of the concept of a canonical force, this being the quantity which ensures the agreement between the classical and quantum formulations. It is shown that if the Aharonov–Bohm effect is interpreted as being due to a force, through the use of the Bohmian formulation of quantum mechanics, then this force is equal in magnitude to the canonical force.

Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics•May 18, 2007•3 citations
Dynamics of a particle is formulated from classical principles that are amended by the uncertainty principle. Two best known quantum effects: interference and tunneling are discussed from these principles. It is shown that identical to quantum results are obtained by solving only
classical equations of motion. Within the context of interference Aharonov-Bohm effect is solved as a local action of magnetic force on the particle. On the example of tunneling it is demonstrated how
uncertainty principle amends traditional classical mechanics: it allows the momentum of the particle to change without the force being the cause of it.
Dynamics of a particle is formulated from classical principles that are amended by the uncertainty principle. Two best known quantum effects: interference and tunneling are discussed from these principles. It is shown that identical to quantum results are obtained by solving only classical equations of motion. Within the context of interference Aharonov-Bohm effect is solved as a local action of magnetic force on the particle. On the example of tunneling it is demonstrated how uncertainty principle amends traditional classical mechanics: it allows the momentum of the particle to change without the force being the cause of it.
It is shown that the spin is naturally introduced into classical mechanics if the latter is formulated as dynamics of the phase space density. It is shown that the uncertainty principle, as the amendment in this dynamics, restricts possible spins, and in particular equation for the particle with the spin ℏ/2\hbar /2ℏ/2 is derived. Also equation for the charge with this spin is derived when electromagnetic field is included. In one example it is shown that the modulus of the spin changes with the gradient of the magnetic field.
It is shown that the spin is naturally introduced into classical mechanics if the latter is formulated as dynamics of the phase space density. It is shown that the uncertainty principle, as the amendment in this dynamics, restricts possible spins, and in particular equation for the particle with the spin ℏ/2\hbar /2ℏ/2 is derived. Also equation for the charge with this spin is derived when electromagnetic field is included. In one example it is shown that the modulus of the spin changes with the gradient of the magnetic field.
It is shown that the spin is naturally introduced into classical mechanics if the latter is formulated as dynamics of the phase space density. It is shown that the uncertainty principle, as the amendment in this dynamics, restricts possible spins, and in particular equation for the particle with the spin ħ/2 is derived. Also equation for the charge with this spin is derived when electromagnetic field is included. In one example it is shown that the modulus of the spin changes with the gradient of the magnetic field.
We provide arguments which demonstrate that the Berry phase effects involving particle interference in the presence of external electric and magnetic fields—namely the Aharonov–Bohm (AB), Aharonov–Casher (AC) and the Röntgen (R) effects—cannot be unambiguously explained (as has been controversially argued) through the use of any classical mechanical force. In fact, in the three scenarios which we consider, the only means to reclaim the standard quantum mechanical results is to use the expressions for the force that fail to satisfy the necessary conditions of gauge invariance. Our arguments explain the foundation of the controversy and confirm the standard idea that the Berry phase effects in question are non-local phenomena which only arise in the application of quantum theory. We lay special emphasis on the use of the concept of a canonical force, this being the quantity which ensures the agreement between the classical and quantum formulations. It is shown that if the Aharonov–Bohm effect is interpreted as being due to a force, through the use of the Bohmian formulation of quantum mechanics, then this force is equal in magnitude to the canonical force.