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Deterministic bidirectional communication and remote entanglement generation between superconducting qubits

N. Leung, Yao Lu, Srivatsan Chakram, Ravi Naik, Nathan Earnest, Ruichao Ma, Kurt A. Jacobs, Andrew N. Cleland, David Schuster

Published Feb 15, 2019• 99 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract We propose and experimentally demonstrate an efficient scheme for bidirectional and deterministic photonic communication between two remote superconducting modules. The two chips, each consists of a transmon, are connected through a one-meter long coaxial cable that is coupled to a dedicated “communication” resonator on each chip. The two communication resonators hybridize with a mode of the cable to form a dark “communication mode” that is highly immune to decay in the coaxial cable. We overcome the various restrictions of quantum communication channels established by other recent approaches in deterministic communication for superconducting qubits. Our approach enables bidirectional communication, and eliminates the high insertion loss and large volume footprint of circulators. We modulate the transmon frequency via a parametric drive to generate sideband interactions between the transmon and the communication mode. We demonstrate bidirectional single-photon transfer with a success probability exceeding 60%, and generate an entangled Bell pair with a fidelity of 79.3 ± 0.3%.

DOI
10.1038/s41534-019-0128-0

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Abstract We propose and experimentally demonstrate an efficient scheme for bidirectional and deterministic photonic communication between two remote superconducting modules. The two chips, each consists of a transmon, are connected through a one-meter long coaxial cable that is coupled to a dedicated “communication” resonator on each chip. The two communication resonators hybridize with a mode of the cable to form a dark “communication mode” that is highly immune to decay in the coaxial cable. We overcome the various restrictions of quantum communication channels established by other recent approaches in deterministic communication for superconducting qubits. Our approach enables bidirectional communication, and eliminates the high insertion loss and large volume footprint of circulators. We modulate the transmon frequency via a parametric drive to generate sideband interactions between the transmon and the communication mode. We demonstrate bidirectional single-photon transfer with a success probability exceeding 60%, and generate an entangled Bell pair with a fidelity of 79.3 ± 0.3%.
We propose and experimentally demonstrate a simple and efficient scheme for photonic communication between two remote superconducting modules. Each module consists of a random access quantum information processor with eight-qubit multimode memory and a single flux tunable transmon. The two processor chips are connected through a one-meter long coaxial cable that is coupled to a dedicated "communication" resonator on each chip. The two communication resonators hybridize with a mode of the cable to form a dark "communication mode" that is highly immune to decay in the coaxial cable. We modulate the transmon frequency via a parametric drive to generate sideband interactions between the transmon and the communication mode. We demonstrate bidirectional single-photon transfer with a success probability exceeding 60 %, and generate an entangled Bell pair with a fidelity of 79.3 ±\pm± 0.3 %.
Quantum communication between remote chips is essential for realizing large-scale superconducting quantum computers. For such communication, itinerant microwave photons propagating through transmission lines offer a promising approach. However, demonstrations to date have relied on frequency-tunable circuit elements to compensate for fabrication-related parameter variations between sender and receiver devices, introducing control complexity and limiting scalability. In this work, we demonstrate deterministic quantum state transfer and remote entanglement generation between fixed-frequency superconducting qubits on separate chips. To compensate for the sender-receiver mismatch, we employ a frequency-tunable photon-generation technique which enables us to adjust the photon frequency without modifying circuit parameters. To enhance the frequency tunability, we implement broadband transfer resonators composed of two coupled coplanar-waveguide resonators, achieving a bandwidth of more than 100 MHz. This broadband design enables successful quantum communication across a 30-MHz range of photon frequencies between the remote qubits. Quantum process tomography reveals state transfer fidelities of around 79% and Bell-state fidelities of around 73% across the full frequency range. Our approach avoids the complexity of the control lines and noise channels, providing a flexible pathway toward scalable quantum networks.
Quantum teleportation~\cite{Bennett1993} is of both fundamental interest and great practical importance in quantum information science. To date, quantum teleportation has been implemented in various physical systems~\cite{Pirandola2015}, among which superconducting qubits are of particular practical significance as they emerge as a leading system to realize large-scale quantum computation~\cite{Arute2019,Wu2021}. Nevertheless, the number of superconducting qubits on the same chip is severely limited by the available chip size, the cooling power, and the wiring complexity. Realization of quantum teleportation and remote computation over qubits on distant superconducting chips is a key quantum communication technology to scaling up the system through a distributed quantum computational network~\cite{Gottesman1999,Eisert2000,Jiang2007,Kimble2008,Monroe2014}. However, this goal has not been realized yet in experiments due to the technical challenge of making a quantum interconnect between distant superconducting chips and the inefficient transfer of flying microwave photons over the lossy interconnects~\cite{Kurpiers2018,Axline2018,Campagne2018,Magnard2020}. Here we demonstrate deterministic teleportation of quantum states and entangling gates between distant superconducting chips connected by a 64-meter-long cable bus featuring an ultralow loss of 0.32~dB/km at cryogenic temperatures, where high fidelity remote entanglement is generated via flying microwave photons utilizing time-reversal-symmetry~\cite{Cirac1997,Korotkov2011}. Apart from the fundamental interest of teleporting macroscopic superconducting qubits over a long distance, our work lays a foundation to realization of large-scale superconducting quantum computation through a distributed computational network~\cite{Gottesman1999,Eisert2000,Jiang2007,Kimble2008,Monroe2014}.
Abstract We propose an experimentally feasible scheme for the dissipative generation of stable entanglement of superconducting qubits via coupling modulation without applying any drives on qubits and resonator. Firstly, we study the circuit of one superconducting transmission line resonator coupled to two separated qubits via two superconducting quantum interference devices (SUQIDs). By modulating the inductance of the SQUIDs via external fluxes, we can tailor an appropriate qubit-resonator coupling with both red- and blue-sideband interactions. Combined with the photon loss of the resonator, the two qubits can be autonomously steered into a long-lived entangled state with high fidelity. Moreover, we extend the model to one resonator coupled to two separated qubit chains, each of which contains N linearly coupled superconducting qubits. We show that the lossy resonator can drive the whole system into a unique dark state, i.e. , a series of N entangled pairs of qubits across the chains can be stabilized at the stationary state. So, the present work enables the preparation of a stable long-range entangled state between the two qubits in the end sites of the chains, which plays an important role for implementing scalable quantum computation and quantum communication.
We present two one-step schemes to generate the Bell state and construct the controlled-phase gate deterministically on remote transmon qutrits trapped in different resonators connected by a superconducting transmission line for a quantum network. They are implemented with coherent evolutions of the entire system in the all-resonance regime assisted by the dark microwave photons which are robust against the transmission line loss. Different from previous works in other quantum systems for a quantum network, the present proposals do not require classical pulses and ancillary qubits. Our simulations with feasible parameters show that the fidelities of both these schemes exceed 99% which is beyond the fault-tolerant threshold for quantum communication.
Quantum communication test beds provide a useful resource for experimentally investigating a variety of communication protocols. Here we demonstrate a superconducting circuit test bed with bidirectional multiphoton state transfer capability using time-domain shaped wave packets. The system we use to achieve this comprises two remote nodes, each including a tunable superconducting transmon qubit and a tunable microwave-frequency resonator, linked by a 2 m-long superconducting coplanar waveguide, which serves as a transmission line. We transfer both individual and superposition Fock states between the two remote nodes, and additionally show that this bidirectional state transfer can be done simultaneously, as well as being used to entangle elements in the two nodes.