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Mobile Networks and Applications

A Physical-Layer Key Distribution Mechanism for IoT Networks

Mohanad Alhasanat, Saud Althunibat, Khalid Ahmad Darabkh, Abdullah I. Alhasanat, Moath H. Alsafasfeh

Published Feb 13, 2019• 24 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/s11036-019-01219-5

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Abstract Internet of Things (IoT) technology has recently been adopted in different fields and applications. An IoT network allows for a large set of physical objects (or devices) with various technologies to work together and exchange a large amount of information. This, however, raises different security and privacy concerns, including the confidentiality of the exchanged data. Usually, data confidentiality is maintained in wireless networks utilizing data encryption using a pre‐shared secret key. Thus, protecting the key distribution process is essential to maintaining a secure network. However, due to the typically large size of IoT networks, conventional secret key distribution schemes are unsuitable and lead to resource inefficiency. Therefore, in this paper, an efficient key distribution scheme is proposed by using physical‐layer security concepts. Specifically, non‐orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is utilized to distribute the key to multiple nodes in a resource‐efficient manner. Moreover, the instantaneous channel phase is also used to attain a secure distribution in which each node can obtain its own key only. The performance of the proposed scheme is analyzed in terms of the key error rate at both a legitimate node and an eavesdropper under different channel fading models, where closed form mathematical expressions are derived and verified via simulation results.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a popular technology that refers to a network of internet-connected physical devices that interact to perform tasks with minimal human intervention. However, as these networks expand, ensuring their security becomes challenging due to the communication broadcasting nature and extensive data exchanges. Traditional cryptographic security methods may not be optimal due to the constrained resources of loT devices. In this study, we propose a novel secure key distribution scheme from a physical layer perspective suitable for an loT environment. The proposed scheme takes advantage of the availability of Channel State Information (CSI) at both ends of the communication to enhance security. Specifically, CSI is utilized to precode the key symbols during the key distribution process. Additionally, the scheme employs the xor operation to add an extra layer of difficulty for potential eavesdroppers that attempt to retrieve the transmitted key symbols. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated in terms of Key Error Rate (KER) at legitimate nodes and eavesdroppers by using Monte Carlo simulations.
With a massive amount of wireless sensor nodes in Internet of Things (IoT), it is difficult to establish key distribution and management mechanism for traditional encryption technology. Alternatively, the physical layer key generation technology is promising to implement in IoT, since it is based on the principle of information-theoretical security and has the advantage of low complexity. Most existing key generation schemes assume that eavesdropping channels are independent of legitimate channels, which may not be practical especially when eavesdropper nodes are near to legitimate nodes. However, this paper investigates key generation problems for a multi-relay wireless network in IoT, where the correlation between eavesdropping and legitimate channels are considered. Key generation schemes are proposed for both non-colluding and partially colluding eavesdroppers situations. The main idea is to divide the key agreement process into three phases: 1) we first generate a secret key by exploiting the difference between the random channels associated with each relay node and the eavesdropping channels; 2) another key is generated by integrating the residual common randomness associated with each relay pair; 3) the two keys generated in the first two phases are concatenated into the final key. The secrecy key performance of the proposed key generation schemes is also derived with closed-forms.