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Applied Physics Letters

Inductive-detection electron-spin resonance spectroscopy with 65 spins/root Hz sensitivity

Sebastian Probst, Audrey Bienfait, Philippe Campagne-Ibarcq, Jarryd J. Pla, Bartolo Albanese, Jfds Barbosa, Thomas Schenkel, D. Vion, D. Estève, Klaus Mølmer, John J. L. Morton, Reinier Heeres, Patrice Bertet

Published Nov 14, 2017• 2 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

We report electron spin resonance spectroscopy measurements performed at millikelvin temperatures in a custom-built spectrometer comprising a superconducting micro-resonator at 7 GHz and a Josephson parametric amplifier. Owing to the small (∼10−12λ3∼10−12λ3) magnetic resonator mode volume and to the low noise of the parametric amplifier, the spectrometer's single shot sensitivity reaches 260 ± 40 spins/echo translating into 65±10 spins/Hz⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯√65±10 spins/Hz for repeated acquisition.

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We report electron spin resonance spectroscopy measurements performed at millikelvin temperatures in a custom-built spectrometer comprising a superconducting micro-resonator at 7 GHz and a Josephson parametric amplifier. Owing to the small (∼10−12λ3∼10−12λ3) magnetic resonator mode volume and to the low noise of the parametric amplifier, the spectrometer's single shot sensitivity reaches 260 ± 40 spins/echo translating into 65±10 spins/Hz⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯√65±10 spins/Hz for repeated acquisition.
We report electron spin resonance measurements of donors in silicon at millikelvin temperatures using a superconducting LC planar micro-resonator and a Josephson parametric amplifier. The resonator includes a nanowire inductor, defining a femtoliter detection volume. Due to strain in the substrate, the donor resonance lines are heavily broadened. Single-spin to photon coupling strengths up to ∼3 kHz are observed. The single shot sensitivity is 120 ± 24 spins/Hahn echo, corresponding to ≈12±3 spins /Hz for repeated acquisition.
We report electron spin resonance measurements of donors in silicon at millikelvin temperatures using a superconducting LC planar micro-resonator and a Josephson parametric amplifier. The resonator includes a nanowire inductor, defining a femtoliter detection volume. Due to strain in the substrate, the donor resonance lines are heavily broadened. Single-spin to photon coupling strengths up to ∼3 kHz are observed. The single shot sensitivity is 120 ± 24 spins/Hahn echo, corresponding to ≈12±3 spins / √Hz for repeated acquisition.
The use of superconducting micro-resonators in combination with quantum-limited Josephson parametric amplifiers has in recent years lead to more than four orders of magnitude improvement in the sensitivity of pulsed Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) measurements. So far, the microwave resonators and amplifiers have been designed as separate components, largely due to the incompatibility of Josephson junction-based devices with even moderate magnetic fields. This has led to complex spectrometers that operate under strict environments, creating technical barriers for the widespread adoption of the technique. Here we circumvent this issue by inductively coupling an ensemble of spins directly to a weakly nonlinear microwave resonator, which is engineered from a magnetic field-resilient thin superconducting film. We perform pulsed ESR measurements with a 111~pL effective mode volume and amplify the resulting spin signal using the same device, ultimately achieving a sensitivity of 2.8×1032.8 \times 10^32.8×103 spins in a single-shot Hahn echo measurement at a temperature of 400 mK. We demonstrate the combined functionalities at fields as large as 254~mT, highlighting the technique's potential for application under more conventional ESR operating conditions.
The use of superconducting microresonators together with quantum-limited Josephson parametric amplifiers has enhanced the sensitivity of pulsed electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements by more than four orders of magnitude. So far, the microwave resonators and amplifiers have been designed as separate components due to the incompatibility of Josephson junction–based devices with magnetic fields. This has produced complex spectrometers and raised technical barriers toward adoption of the technique. Here, we circumvent this issue by coupling an ensemble of spins directly to a weakly nonlinear and magnetic field–resilient superconducting microwave resonator. We perform pulsed ESR measurements with a 1-pL mode volume containing 6 × 10 7 spins and amplify the resulting signals within the device. When considering only those spins that contribute to the detected signals, we find a sensitivity of 2.8 × 1 0 3 spins / Hz for a Hahn echo sequence at a temperature of 400 mK. In situ amplification is demonstrated at fields up to 254 mT, highlighting the technique’s potential for application under conventional ESR operating conditions.
We use a superconducting flux qubit for the sensing application of electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy.The superconducting flux qubit is a highly sensitive magnetometer with micrometer-scale spatial resolution.The sensitivity of our spectrometer is 400 spins/√Hz, and the sensing volume is 0.05 pL.This high sensitivity and high spatial resolution enable us to investigate a small number of electron spins in a microscale area.The spectrometer also obtains a wider ESR spectrum range with twoparameter (frequency and magnetic field) scanning.This enables us to refine the material parameters.