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Nanomaterials

Quantum Characteristics of a Nanomechanical Resonator Coupled to a Superconducting LC Resonator in Quantum Computing Systems

Jeong Ryeol Choi, Sanghyun Ju

Published Dec 24, 2018• 11 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The mechanical and quantum properties of a nanomechanical resonator can be improved by connecting it to a superconducting resonator in a way that the resonator exhibits new phenomena that are possibly available to novel quantum technologies. The quantum characteristics of a nanomechanical resonator coupled to a superconducting resonator have been investigated on the basis of rigorous quantum solutions of the combined system. The solutions of the Schrödinger equation for the coupled system have been derived using the unitary transformation approach. The analytic formula of the wave functions has been obtained by applying the adiabatic condition for time evolution of the coupling parameter. The behavior of the quantum wave functions has been analyzed for several different values of parameters. The probability densities depicted in the plane of the two resonator coordinates are distorted and rotated due to the coupling between the resonators. In addition, we have shown that there are squeezing effects in the wave packet along one of the two resonator coordinates or along both the two depending on the magnitude of several parameters, such as mass, inductance, and angular frequencies.

DOI
10.3390/nano9010020

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The mechanical and quantum properties of a nanomechanical resonator can be improved by connecting it to a superconducting resonator in a way that the resonator exhibits new phenomena that are possibly available to novel quantum technologies. The quantum characteristics of a nanomechanical resonator coupled to a superconducting resonator have been investigated on the basis of rigorous quantum solutions of the combined system. The solutions of the Schrödinger equation for the coupled system have been derived using the unitary transformation approach. The analytic formula of the wave functions has been obtained by applying the adiabatic condition for time evolution of the coupling parameter. The behavior of the quantum wave functions has been analyzed for several different values of parameters. The probability densities depicted in the plane of the two resonator coordinates are distorted and rotated due to the coupling between the resonators. In addition, we have shown that there are squeezing effects in the wave packet along one of the two resonator coordinates or along both the two depending on the magnitude of several parameters, such as mass, inductance, and angular frequencies.
An adiabatic invariant, which is a conserved quantity, is useful for studying quantum and classical properties of dynamical systems. Adiabatic invariants for time-dependent superconducting qubit-oscillator systems and resonators are investigated using the Liouville-von Neumann equation. At first, we derive an invariant for a simple superconducting qubit-oscillator through the introduction of its reduced Hamiltonian. Afterwards, an adiabatic invariant for a nanomechanical resonator linearly interfaced with a superconducting circuit, via a coupling with a time-dependent strength, is evaluated using the technique of unitary transformation. The accuracy of conservation for such invariant quantities is represented in detail. Based on the results of our developments in this paper, perturbation theory is applicable to the research of quantum characteristics of more complicated qubit systems that are described by a time-dependent Hamiltonian involving nonlinear terms.
The coupled dynamics of a nanomechanical resonator and superconducting quantum circuits are studied in three experiments, in the context of studying the quantum limit for force detection and quantum physics of macroscopic objects. In the first experiment, the dispersive mechanical resonance shift from the interaction with a Cooper-pair box qubit is studied. The measured coupling strength is large enough to satisfy one of the conditions required to perform many of the proposed quantum nanomechanical measurements. The resonance shift also probes the microwave-driven response of the qubit, showing Rabi oscillation and Landau-Zener tunneling, proving the coherent dynamics of the qubit. Second, the parametric excitation of nanomechanical motion is studied via experiments with a driven qubit. Degenerate parametric amplification and oscillation are demonstrated, with a new observation of nonlinear dissipation. The squeezing of the back-action noise from the detection amplifier is also observed, up to 4dB. It is the first demonstration using a qubit as an auxiliary system to modify the nanomechanical dynamics, showing a possible route for generation of nanomechanical quantum states. Finally, back-action cooling of nanomechanical motion has been investigated, which is implemented by capacitively coupling a high-Q coplanar waveguide microwave resonator to a nanomechanical resonator. The thermal state with 7.5 mechanical quanta on average is reached, a result that is ultimately limited due to increased bath heating with microwave power. The heating is consistent with a model based on two-level systems resonantly coupled to the nanomechanical mode. This additional heating suggests future efforts to improve coupling and for reducing two-level system density in materials employed to reach the motional ground state via back-action cooling.
Abstract We propose a scheme for realizing quadrature squeezing of the mechanical mode in a superconducting electromechanical system, where a nanomechanical resonator (NAMR) is coupled to a superconducting transmission line resonator (STLR) via a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), and the SQUID acts as a qubit. Under a large detuning condition, we use the Fröhlich-Nakajima transformation to adiabatically eliminate the qubit and obtain an effective Hamiltonian for the STLR and the NAMR. Our results show that a strong squeezing effect (beyond 3 dB limit) can occur in the NAMR, and the squeezing degree can be optimized by controlling the strength of the driving field and the dissipation ratio of the system. One of the most notable features of our results is the universality, i.e. the results only depend on a few scaled quantities, not on too many parameters.
We study a generalized coupling system between a superconducting qubit and two nanomechanical resonators. When the eigenfrequency of the superconducting qubit is twice the frequency of the resonators, we show that one qubit is able to excite simultaneously two resonators. Moreover, tripartite and bipartite macroscopic entangled states are generated, respectively. We give conditions under which general tripartite and bipartite entangled nonorthogonal states become maximally entangled states. Under a large detuning condition, the coupling between two resonators is induced by a superconducting qubit. This coupling strength can be enhanced via a squeezing transformation.
Time-dependent linear coupling between macroscopic quantum resonator modes generates both a parametric amplification also known as a 'squeezing operation' and a beam splitter operation, analogous to quantum optical systems. These operations, when applied properly, can robustly generate entanglement and squeezing for the quantum resonator modes. Here, we present such coupling schemes between a nanomechanical resonator and a superconducting electrical resonator using applied microwave voltages as well as between two superconducting lumped-element electrical resonators using a rf SQUID-mediated tunable coupler. By calculating the logarithmic negativity of the partially transposed density matrix, we quantitatively study the entanglement generated at finite temperatures. We also show that characterization of the nanomechanical resonator state after the quantum operations can be achieved by detecting the electrical resonator only. Thus, one of the electrical resonator modes can act as a probe to measure the entanglement of the coupled systems and the degree of squeezing for the other resonator mode.
In this dissertation, we present work on a quantum hybrid device comprising of a trapped calcium atom and a superconducting LC resonator. This hybrid device is a first step towards building a hybrid quantum computer that can take advantage of the different properties of atomic and superconducting quantum systems and combine the best characteristics of both. We model a trapped ion as an LC circuit and calculate its coupling to a mode of an LC resonator. Further, we optimize the trap geometry and placement of coupling electrodes to increase the coupling. We also outline the manufacturing process and simulation of the trapping potentials for the surface traps used in this work. Finally, we report on initial experiments coupling a trapped ion to a resonant mode of the LC resonator, increasing the heating rate to 220 phonons/ms on resonance versus 0.5 phonons/ms without additional heating from the resonator. The ratio of the heating rates for the two secular frequencies of the ion confrm our simulated coupling rates.