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Zhongguo kexue. Wulixue Lixue Tianwenxue

Quantum steering in tripartite quantum systems

Shu Xiao, GUO ZhiHua, Cao Huai-Xin

Published Aug 31, 2018• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum steering is a kind of quantum feature between quantum entanglement and Bell non-locality. Due to its special asymmetry, quantum steering plays an important role in many aspects of quantum information processing and thus has been widely concerned. There are many contributions on quantum steering in bipartite systems up to now, while tripartite systems have more complex structures than bipartite systems and then have more diversified steering scenarios. In this paper, two types of quantum steering scenarios are introduced for a tripartite quantum system, named “one-sided device-independent steering" and “two-sided device-independent steering". Each of them contains two levels according to the separability of the local hidden states and the independence of the local hidden variables, respectively. Based on giving the mathematical definitions of these steering scenarios, some necessary and sufficient conditions for a state to be unsteerable are obtained and sufficient conditions for a state to be steerable are also established.

DOI
10.1360/sspma2018-00277

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Quantum steering is a kind of quantum feature between quantum entanglement and Bell non-locality. Due to its special asymmetry, quantum steering plays an important role in many aspects of quantum information processing and thus has been widely concerned. There are many contributions on quantum steering in bipartite systems up to now, while tripartite systems have more complex structures than bipartite systems and then have more diversified steering scenarios. In this paper, two types of quantum steering scenarios are introduced for a tripartite quantum system, named “one-sided device-independent steering" and “two-sided device-independent steering". Each of them contains two levels according to the separability of the local hidden states and the independence of the local hidden variables, respectively. Based on giving the mathematical definitions of these steering scenarios, some necessary and sufficient conditions for a state to be unsteerable are obtained and sufficient conditions for a state to be steerable are also established.
In the present work we study tripartite quantum steering of quantum correlations arising from two local dichotomic measurements on each side in the two types of partially device-independent scenarios: the one-sided device-independent scenario where one of the parties performs untrusted measurements while the other two parties perform trusted measurements and the two-sided device-independent scenario where one of the parties performs trusted measurements while the other two parties perform untrusted measurements. We demonstrate that tripartite steering in the two-sided device-independent scenario is weaker than tripartite steering in the one-sided device-independent scenario by using two families of quantum correlations. That is, these two families of quantum correlations in the two-sided device-independent framework detect tripartite entanglement through tripartite steering for a larger region than that in the one-sided device-independent framework. It is shown that tripartite steering in the two-sided device-independent scenario implies the presence of genuine tripartite entanglement of $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2$ quantum system, even if the correlation does not exhibit genuine nonlocality or genuine steering.
Quantum steering captures the ability of one party, through local measurements on a shared entangled state, to affect the conditional states held by distant parties in a way that admits no local explanation. Its device-independent (DI) quantification -- requiring no characterization of any state or measurement -- has been developed in the bipartite setting, notably through the framework of assemblage moment matrices (AMMs) [Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 240401 (2016)], but has remained largely unexplored beyond it. Here, we extend the AMM framework to tripartite steering, covering both the scenario in which two parties jointly steer a third one (2-steer-1) and that in which a single party steers the remaining two (1-steer-2). For each scheme, we construct a semidefinite program that, from the observed correlations -- or merely from the violation of a Bell inequality -- yields lower bounds on the steering robustness of the underlying assemblage. As a by-product, our bounds also certify, in a DI manner, the incompatibility of the measurements performed by the steering parties.
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) steering is a form of quantum nonlocality which is intermediate between entanglement and Bell nonlocality. EPR steering is a resource for quantum key distribution that is device independent on only one side in that it certifies bipartite entanglement when one party's device is not characterized while the other party's device is fully characterized. In this work, we introduce two types of genuine tripartite EPR steering, and derive two steering inequalities to detect them. In a semi-device-independent scenario where only the dimensions of two parties are assumed, the correlations which violate one of these inequalities also certify genuine tripartite entanglement. It is known that Alice can demonstrate bipartite EPR steering to Bob if and only if her measurement settings are incompatible. We demonstrate that quantum correlations can also detect tripartite EPR steering from Alice to Bob and Charlie, even if Charlie's measurement settings are compatible.
Asymmetric Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) steering means the ability of one party to nonlocally “steer” the state in the other side through local measurements. The asymmetric property of EPR steering provides adequate security in one-sided device-independent secure quantum communication protocols. In this paper, we theoretically investigate the asymmetric EPR steering schemes between two subsystems of multipartite entangled states by an asymmetric modulation method. Two schemes, including tripartite entangled state to bipartite steering and quadripartite entangled state to tripartite steering, are investigated. By reconstructing the covariance matrix of continuous variable multipartite Gaussian states, we quantify the steerability of manipulating two different subsystems and demonstrate the EPR steering parameter versus various types of states’ parameters. Our work provides a reference for asymmetric quantum information processing and enriches resources for secure quantum networks.
Quantum steering is considered one of the most well-known nonlocal phenomena in quantum mechanics. Unlike entanglement and Bell nonlocality, the asymmetry of quantum steering makes it vital for one-sided device-independent quantum information processing. Although there has been much progress on steering detection for bipartite systems, the criterion for Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering in tripartite systems remains challenging and inadequate. In this paper we first derive a promising steering criterion for any three-qubit states via correlation matrix. Furthermore, we propose the monogamy relation between the tripartite steering of system and the bipartite steering of subsystems based on the derived criterion. Finally, as illustrations, we demonstrate the performance of the steering criterion and the monogamy relation by means of several representative examples. We believe that the results and methods presented in this work could be beneficial to capture genuine multipartite steering in the near future.
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering is a kind of powerful nonlocal quantum resource in quantum information processing such as quantum cryptography and quantum communication. Many criteria have been proposed in the past few years to detect steerability, both analytically and numerically, for bipartite quantum systems. We propose effective criteria for tripartite steerability and genuine tripartite steerability of three-qubit quantum states by establishing connections between the tripartite steerability (resp. genuine tripartite steerability) and the tripartite entanglement (resp. genuine tripartite entanglement) of certain corresponding quantum states. From these connections, tripartite steerability and genuine tripartite steerability can be detected without using any steering inequalities. The "complex cost" of determining tripartite steering and genuine tripartite steering can be reduced by detecting the entanglement of the newly constructed states in the experiment. Detailed examples are given to illustrate the power of our criteria in detecting the (genuine) tripartite steerability of tripartite states.