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Stochastic Space-Time and Quantum Theory: Part a

Carlton Frederick

Published Nov 1, 2018• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Abstract Much of quantum mechanics may be derived if one adopts a very strong form of Mach's Principle, requiring that in the absence of mass, space-time becomes not flat but stochastic. This is manifested in the metric tensor which is considered to be a collection of stochastic variables. The stochastic metric assumption is sufficient to generate the spread of the wave packet in empty space. If one further notes that all observations of dynamical variables in the laboratory frame are contravariant components of tensors, and if one assumes that a Lagrangian can be constructed, then one can derive the uncertainty principle. Finally, the superposition of stochastic metrics and the identification of the square root of minus the determinant of the metric tensor as the indicator of relative probability yields the phenomenon of interference, as will be described for the two-slit experiment.

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Stochastic space-time and quantum theory

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Much of quantum mechanics may be derived if one adopts a very strong form of Mach's principle such that in the absence of mass, space-time becomes not flat but stochastic. This is manifested in the metric tensor which is considered to be a collection of stochastic variables. The stochastic-metric assumption is sufficient to generate the spread of the wave packet in empty space. If one further notes that all observations of dynamical variables in the laboratory frame are contravariant components of tensors, and if one assumes that a Lagrangian can be constructed, then one can obtain an explanation of conjugate variables and also a derivation of the uncertainty principle. Finally, the superposition of stochastic metrics and the identification of $\sqrt{\ensuremath{-}g}$ in the four-dimensional invariant volume element $\sqrt{\ensuremath{-}g}\mathrm{dV}$ as the indicator of relative probability yields the phenomenon of interference as will be described for the two-slit experiment.

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Non-relativistic quantum theory is derived from information codified into an appropriate statistical model. The basic assumption is that there is an irreducible uncertainty in the location of particles so that the configuration space is a statistical manifold. The dynamics then follows from a principle of inference, the method of Maximum Entropy. The concept of time is introduced as a convenient way to keep track of change. The resulting formalism is close to Nelson’s stochastic mechanics. The statistical manifold is a dynamical entity: its (information) geometry determines the evolution of the probability distribution which, in its turn, reacts back and determines the evolution of the geometry. As in General Relativity there is a kind of equivalence principle in that “fictitious ” forces – in this case diffusive “osmotic ” forces – turn out to be “real”. This equivalence of quantum and statistical fluctuations – or of quantum and classical probabilities – leads to a natural explanation of the equality of inertial and “osmotic ” masses and allows explaining quantum theory as a sophisticated example of entropic inference. Mass and the phase of the wave function are explained as features of purely statistical origin.

•Aug 4, 2013•10 citations
Abstract Much of quantum mechanics may be derived if one adopts a very strong form of Mach's Principle, requiring that in the absence of mass, space-time becomes not flat but stochastic. This is manifested in the metric tensor which is considered to be a collection of stochastic variables. The stochastic metric assumption is sufficient to generate the spread of the wave packet in empty space. If one further notes that all observations of dynamical variables in the laboratory frame are contravariant components of tensors, and if one assumes that a Lagrangian can be constructed, then one can derive the uncertainty principle. Finally, the superposition of stochastic metrics and the identification of the square root of minus the determinant of the metric tensor as the indicator of relative probability yields the phenomenon of interference, as will be described for the two-slit experiment.
Much of quantum mechanics may be derived if one adopts a very strong form of Mach's principle such that in the absence of mass, space-time becomes not flat but stochastic. This is manifested in the metric tensor which is considered to be a collection of stochastic variables. The stochastic-metric assumption is sufficient to generate the spread of the wave packet in empty space. If one further notes that all observations of dynamical variables in the laboratory frame are contravariant components of tensors, and if one assumes that a Lagrangian can be constructed, then one can obtain an explanation of conjugate variables and also a derivation of the uncertainty principle. Finally, the superposition of stochastic metrics and the identification of $\sqrt{\ensuremath{-}g}$ in the four-dimensional invariant volume element $\sqrt{\ensuremath{-}g}\mathrm{dV}$ as the indicator of relative probability yields the phenomenon of interference as will be described for the two-slit experiment.
Introduction. There exists a very comprehensive theory concerning the time development of probabilistic systems. This is the Theory of Stochastic processes (1). Quantum mechanics as described by the Schrödinger equation rests very heavily on probabilistic interpretation, and yet, after forty years of remarkably rapid advances and successes, it is not clear how it is related to stochastic theory. The formal similarity of certain aspects of, and equations used in these two theories are well known. The diffusion equation corresponds to the Schrödinger equation, a correspondence only marred by a square root of minus unity appearing with the time derivative in the latter equation. The Kolmogoroff–Chapman relation for probabilities in Brownian motion has an analogue (2) in quantum mechanics, not for probabilities though, but for the complex probability amplitudes. The uncertainty relation also has a stochastic analogue (3). Some of these analogous characteristics are actually symptomatic of the gulf which separates these two theories. There are solutions to the diffusion equation which have a very clear physical probabilistic meaning. This is not the case with the corresponding and formally similar solutions to the Schrödinger equation and is partly due to the √ − 1 mentioned earlier. The probabilistic interpretation of the solutions to the diffusion equation is direct and immediate. On the other hand, the probabilistic interpretation of the solutions, ψ of the Schrödinger equation involve the introduction of the probability density, p = ψ*ψ. One great difference between these two theories lies in their each having distinct principles of linear superposition. In Stochastic Theory probabilities are superposed and in quantum mechanics amplitudes or wave functions are superposed.
This article is the third of a trilogy of articles on the nature of probability in quantum mechanics. The first article [1] began by noting that superposed wavefunctions in quantum mechanics lead to a squared amplitude that introduces interference into the position probability density of an atomic particle, which happens nowhere else in probability theory. It went on to also note that there is an unexplained coincidence in quantum mechanics in that the interference term in the squared amplitude of superposed wavefunctions gives the squared amplitude the form of a variance of a sum of correlated random variables and went on to examine whether there could be an archetypical variable, in the Platonic sense of true form, behind quantum probability that would reconcile quantum probability with classic probability. This examination found such a variable, which can encompass both local and nonlocal quantum events. The second article [2] provided evidence that quantum probability has such a stochastic nature. This evidence was based on the number of electrons that need to be sent through a two-slit interferometer to gain a clear pattern of self-interference, which when compared with the number that would be expected to be sufficient in order for the position probability distribution of the self-interference wavefunction to take clear shape suggests that there is more variability present than that described by the formulation of quantum mechanics, which implies the presence of an underlying and as yet unrecognized physical process. This final article completes the trilogy by considering how a key aspect of experimental design would be affected by the increased variability that would be present if quantum probability is itself stochastic in the manner suggested in the previous two articles.
With the decline of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics and the recent experiments indicating that quantum mechanics does actually embody 'objective reality', one might ask if a 'mechanical', conceptual model for quantum mechanics could be found. We propose such a model. Vacuum energy fluctuations imply mass fluctuations and, through general relativity, curvature fluctuations. And those fluctuations are indicated by fluctuations of the metric tensor. The metric tensor fluctuations can 'explain' the uncertainty relations and non-commuting properties of conjugate variables. We argue that that the probability density is proportional to the square root of minus the determinant of the metric tensor (the differential volume element). We argue that the metric elements are not stochastic but are oscillating at a high enough frequency that measured values of same appear stochastic (i.e. crypto-stochastic). We suggest that the oscillations at the position of particles are described as torsional vibrations. A crypto-stochastic (or chaotic) oscillating metric yields, among other things, a model of super-position, photon polarization, and entanglement, and all within the confines of a 4-dimensional space-time.
A new idea for the quantization of dynamic systems, as well as space time itself, using a stochastic metric is proposed. The quantum mechanics of a mass point is constructed on a space time manifold using a stochastic metric. A stochastic metric space is, in brief, a metric space whose metric tensor is given stochastically according to some appropriate distribution function. A mathematically consistent model of a space time manifold equipping a stochastic metric is proposed in this work. The quantum theory in the local Minkowski space can be recognized as a classical theory on the stochastic Lorentz-metric-space. A stochastic calculus on the space time manifold is performed using white noise functional analysis. A path-integral quantization is introduced as a stochastic integration of a function of the action integral, and it is shown that path-integrals on the stochastic metric space are mathematically well-defined for large variety of potential functions. The Newton–Nelson equation of motion can also be obtained from the Newtonian equation of motion on the stochastic metric space. It is also shown that the commutation relation required under the canonical quantization is consistent with the stochastic quantization introduced in this work. The quantum effects of general relativity are also analyzed through natural use of the stochastic metrics. Some example of quantum effects on the Universe is discussed.
Non-relativistic quantum theory is derived from information codified into an appropriate statistical model. The basic assumption is that there is an irreducible uncertainty in the location of particles so that the configuration space is a statistical manifold. The dynamics then follows from a principle of inference, the method of Maximum Entropy. The concept of time is introduced as a convenient way to keep track of change. The resulting formalism is close to Nelson’s stochastic mechanics. The statistical manifold is a dynamical entity: its (information) geometry determines the evolution of the probability distribution which, in its turn, reacts back and determines the evolution of the geometry. As in General Relativity there is a kind of equivalence principle in that “fictitious ” forces – in this case diffusive “osmotic ” forces – turn out to be “real”. This equivalence of quantum and statistical fluctuations – or of quantum and classical probabilities – leads to a natural explanation of the equality of inertial and “osmotic ” masses and allows explaining quantum theory as a sophisticated example of entropic inference. Mass and the phase of the wave function are explained as features of purely statistical origin.