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Europhysics Letters (EPL)

Optothermal control of the Raman gain enhanced ringing in microresonators

T. Wang, M. Wang, Yun Hu, Gui‐Lu Long

Published Oct 29, 2018• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The cavity ringing phenomenon is vital in both fundamental research and applications such as in the rapid detection and transient sensing. Here we report a novel method —the combination of the optothermal scanning method and Raman gain to achieve and control the ringing effect in a silica optical microsphere. Comparing to the usual method requiring laser sweeping, this method does not require sweeping the probe laser, which makes it easier and more stable in applications. The ringing strength can be easily controlled by adjusting the frequency detuning of the probe laser and changing the scanning speed of the pump laser. In particular, our dynamic models can fit well with the experimental results. This letter shows that the optothermal control of ringing is robust to external fluctuations, which can enhance the performance and stability of the transient microcavity sensors.

DOI
10.1209/0295-5075/124/14002

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Erbium-doped whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) microcavities have great potential in many important applications, such as the precision detection and the micro/nano laser. However, they are sensitive to the fluctuations from the pump laser and the environment. Here we demonstrate the precise controlling of transmission spectra and optical gains using optothermal scanning methods in erbium-doped WGM microcavities. The transmission spectrum of the probe signal exhibits the transition between asymmetric Fano-like resonance and the Lorentz peak (or dip) through tuning the input frequency and the scanning speed of the pump laser. In particular, the analytical calculations can fit well with our experimental results through adiabatically eliminating the anticlockwise optical mode. This Letter shows that the optothermal control of gains is more robust to external noises, which paves a crucial step toward the application in the ultra-sensitive detection.
Precise control of resonance features in microcavities is of significant importance both for researches and applications. By exploiting gain provided by the doped rare earth ions or Raman gain, this can be achieved through changing the pump. Here we propose and experimentally show that by using gain competition, one can also control the evolution of resonance for the probe signal while the pump is kept unchanged. The transition of Lorentz peak, Fano-like resonance and Lorentz dip can be observed from the transmission spectra of the probe signal through tuning the auxiliary control signal. The theory based on coupled-mode theory and laser rate equations by setting the optical gains as time-dependent was constructed. This method can be used in the precise control of transmission spectra and the coupling regime between the waveguide and microcavities.
Remarkable demonstrations of a cavity-induced giant reduction of the Raman lasing threshold in silica microspheres have been reported in Spillane et al. [Nature (London) 415, 621 (2002)], yet a complete quantum electrodynamics (QED) treatment of this process including the rigorous expressions for the electromagnetic modes of the sphere is lacking. In this paper, we employ a cavity QED approach to describe Raman lasing in microscopic spherical dielectric resonators with third-order nonlinearity to derive explicit expressions for the Raman gain and lasing threshold in terms of mode-overlapping coefficients determined from full analytic expressions of the electromagnetic eigenmodes of a dielectric sphere. We present dependencies of the Raman lasing threshold on the the order nnn of overlapping whispering gallery modes for microspheres with diameter in the range 20--35 $\ensuremath{\mu}$m, demonstrating ultralow thresholds of between 70 and 90 $\ensuremath{\mu}$W, consistent with recent experimental results. We explain the reduction of the lasing threshold as due to an increase in the overlapping coefficients as the mode order is increased toward the regime where the modal energy is mostly confined to the surface region of the resonator. The presented theory can be easily generalized to any microcavity of regular morphology and for any combination of interacting whispering gallery modes.
Based on a single atom coupled to a fiber-coupled, chip-based microresonator [B. Dayan et al., Science 319, 1062 (2008)], we put forward a scheme to generate optical frequency combs at driving laser powers as low as a few nanowatts. Using state-of-the-art experimental parameters, we investigate in detail the influences of different atomic positions and taper-resonator coupling regimes on optical-frequency-comb generation. In addition to numerical simulations demonstrating this effect, a physical explanation of the underlying mechanism is presented. We find that the combination of the atom and the resonator can induce a large third-order nonlinearity which is significantly stronger than Kerr nonlinearity in Kerr frequency combs. Such enhanced nonlinearity can be used to generate optical frequency combs if driven with two continuous-wave control and probe lasers and significantly reduce the threshold of nonlinear optical processes. The comb spacing can be well tuned by changing the frequency beating between the driving control and probe lasers. The proposed method is versatile and can be adopted to different types of resonators, such as microdisks, microspheres, microtoroids or microrings.
The optical analogs of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) have attracted vast attention recently. The generation and manipulation of EIT in microcavities have sparked research in both fundamental physics and photonic applications, including light storage, slow light propagation, and optical communication. In this Letter, the generation and tuning of an all-optically controlled mode-coupling induced transparency (MCIT) are proposed, experimentally demonstrated, and theoretically analyzed. The MCIT effect originated from the intermodal coupling between the plethora of modes generated in our fabricated optical microcavity, and the tuning of the transparency mode utilized the cavity's thermal bistability nature. Furthermore, based on our method, a novel, to the best of our knowledge, controlling of the mode shifting efficiency is also achieved with an increase up to two times and more. The proposed scheme paves a unique, simple, and efficient way to manipulate the induced transparency mode, which can be useful for applications like cavity lasing and thermal sensing.