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Journal of Modern Physics

Discovery & Proofs of a Nucleus of Mass and Charge in the Photons/Quantum Particles

Narendra Swarup Agarwal

Published Jan 1, 2018• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This work discovers and proves that all the photons/quantum particles have a “Nucleus of mass and charge.” The nucleus is located off-center in the particles. The constructive, destructive and intermediate Interference phenomena decisively discover and prove the presence of only one nucleus of the mass located off-center in a photon, like an atomic nucleus. The mass in the nucleus of a photon develops varying forces to move the photon as a wave. The Wave-Particle Duality is the most significant proof of such a nucleus of mass. The formation of an electromagnetic wave by a photon proves the presence of a charge in the nucleus of the photon. The Quantum Theory, developed about 100 years back, simplified the understanding of matter and energy at the atomic/subatomic levels. However, the Quantum Theory remains incomplete and cannot explain even a single quantum phenomenon. The New Quantum Theory, developed in the year 2012, is based on the similarity of an atomic nucleus as well as the solar system with the Sun as its nucleus of the mass and the charge. The New Quantum Theory explains all the Quantum Phenomena and matches with the Classical Mechanics as well as the Theory of Electromagnetism. The experiments described in this work, using high precision instruments, determine the mass, the charge and the diameter of a photon/quantum particle.

DOI
10.4236/jmp.2018.912137

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This work discovers and proves that all the photons/quantum particles have a “Nucleus of mass and charge.” The nucleus is located off-center in the particles. The constructive, destructive and intermediate Interference phenomena decisively discover and prove the presence of only one nucleus of the mass located off-center in a photon, like an atomic nucleus. The mass in the nucleus of a photon develops varying forces to move the photon as a wave. The Wave-Particle Duality is the most significant proof of such a nucleus of mass. The formation of an electromagnetic wave by a photon proves the presence of a charge in the nucleus of the photon. The Quantum Theory, developed about 100 years back, simplified the understanding of matter and energy at the atomic/subatomic levels. However, the Quantum Theory remains incomplete and cannot explain even a single quantum phenomenon. The New Quantum Theory, developed in the year 2012, is based on the similarity of an atomic nucleus as well as the solar system with the Sun as its nucleus of the mass and the charge. The New Quantum Theory explains all the Quantum Phenomena and matches with the Classical Mechanics as well as the Theory of Electromagnetism. The experiments described in this work, using high precision instruments, determine the mass, the charge and the diameter of a photon/quantum particle.
Quantum Theory with Wave Particle Duality is unable to explain how the phenomena of refraction, interference & diffraction, actually occurs and why ‘the waves behave as particles’ or ‘the particles behave as waves’? New Quantum Theory explains that every photon has an eccentric nucleus and is always spinning. This theory can explain all the phenomena of Electro Magnetic Radiations/Light , solves the mystery of Wave Particle Duality, and Photon has mass and sometimes can be considered as mass less. Keywords: Photon, Nucleus, Spinning Photon, Eccentric Nucleus, Angular Momentum
Photons and elementary particles display the properties of particle as well as of wave known as Wave Particle Duality. Quantum Theory could not explain Wave Particle Duality only due to the belief that photon has no mass and accepted Wave Particle Duality as reality of quantum scale particles. “Experimental Proof of Mass in Photon” [1] discovered Inertial Force developed by the photons on Reflection. This Inertial Force is developed in the spinning photon from inside due to the mass of photon. These experiments also discovered that the centre of mass of photon was different from the centre of photon. Such presence of mass in a photon developing Inertial Force from within the photon gifts special properties to display Wave Particle Duality, Interference and Polarization etc. These phenomena are explained in this work which could not be explained by the Quantum Theory earlier. This work also confirms mass in photon based on both Newtonian and Special Theory of Relativity. New equations of true mass of photon are also derived.
Quantum Theory with Wave Particle Duality is unable to explain how the phenomena of refraction, interference&diffraction, actually occurs and why 'the waves behave as particles' or 'the particles behave as waves'? New Quantum Theory explains that every photon has an eccentric nucleus and is always spinning. This theory can explain all the phenomena of Electro Magnetic Radiations/Light , solves the mystery of Wave Particle Duality, and Photon has mass and sometimes can be considered as mass less .
The photons & the quantum particles display several mysterious Quantum Phenomena which could not be explained earlier. The New Quantum Theory explains not only the long pending Wave Particle Duality but also all other mysterious Quantum Phenomena. The New Quantum Theory is based on the analogy of the atoms & the solar system and not only supplements but also completes the Quantum Theory. This work explains “how & why” a photon, an electron or quanta generates the electric & the magnetic fields of continuously varying intensities & in the changing directions to form a 3-D Electromagnetic wave. The electromagnetic fields generated by the photons/quantum particles interact with the electromagnetic fields of the mediums (conductor, semicon-ductor or insulator etc.) to display several mysterious Quantum Phenomena. These interactions are strong enough to change the spin, wavelength, amplitude & direction of the quantum particles in the medium. The spin-orbit interlocking/interactions, transverse spin, vortex spin texture & evanescent waves etc. are the results of such interactions. This work explains some of the quantum phenomena in brief so that the various Quantum Phenomena can be modified & developed for the different applications.
Classical mechanics, which gives a fairly accurate description of large systems (e.g., solar system) as also of mechanical systems in our every day life, however, breaks down when applied to small (microscopic) systems such as molecules, atoms and nuclei. For example, (1) classical mechanics cannot even explain why the atoms are stable at all. A classical atom with electrons moving in circular or elliptic orbits around the nucleus would continuously radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation because an accelerated charge does radiate energy. As a result the radius of the orbit would become smaller and smaller, resulting in instability of the atom. On the other hand, the atoms are found to be remarkably stable in practice. (2) Another fact of observation that classical mechanics fails to explain is wave particle duality in radiation as well as in material particles. It is well known that light exhibits the phenomena of interference, diffraction and polarization which can be easily understood on the basis of wave aspect of radiation. But light also exhibits the phenomena of photo-electric effect, Compton effect and Raman effect which can only be understood in terms of corpuscular or quantum aspect of radiation. The dual behavior of light, or radiation cannot be consistently understood on the basis of classical concepts alone or explained away by saying that light behaves as wave or particle depending on the kind of experiment we do with it (complementarity). Moreover, a beam of material particles, like electrons and neutrons, demonstrates wave-like properties (e.g., diffraction). A brief outline of phenomena that require quantum mechanics for their understanding follows.
Until now, we do not know whether elementary particles have structure, but we cannot assert that elementary particles do not have structure, because all experiences tell us that the properties of non-living and living things are closely related to their structure. As their foundation, can the microscopic particles be excluded? Do photons and charged fermions have structure? What structure? We study the key to the Schrödinger computation that accurately reproduce the energy levels of the Bohr model and the general solution of Schrödinger equation mathematically; we found to satisfy Schrödinger equation the charged fermions must possess a double helix structure of mass density. Such structures plus partial self-rotation make them quantized and a fixed value spin or . We prove that the Maxwell wave equation is simultaneously the Klein-Gordon equation for electromagnetic waves. Then we prove that photons have a double helix structure of EH-energy that makes photons quantized and a fixed value spin or . There is a charge in the electron (and charged fermions); a pair of charges in the photons, they distribute double helically along their side boundaries; these charges produce and carry a circular polarized E-wave and EH-wave respectively. They form two traveling-wave-particle hybrid structures. It is such hybrid structures give them traveling-wave-particle duality. Such dualities can exhibit their wave property and particle property simultaneously in the same experiments. At last, we prove that the electron cloud photo not only exhibits the probability distribution of electrons but also proves the existence of electrons’ trajectories around the nucleus; the electrons’ motions make the probability distribution. The electron probability distribution around the nucleus is causal. At last we prove that the electron in the main shells (the Eigen states) of a multi-electron atom does not radiate pure EM energy, not fall to the nucleus.