Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters

EPR Spectroscopy of Impurity Thulium Ions in Yttrium Orthosilicate Single Crystals

Andrey A. Sukhanov, Valery F. Tarasov, Yu. D. Zavartsev, Alexander I. Zagumennyi, Sergey A. Kutovoi

Published Aug 1, 2018• 8 citations

Abstract

The frequency-field and orientation dependences of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra are measured for impurity Tm 3+ ions in yttrium orthosilicate (Y 2 SiO 5 ) single crystals by stationary EPR spectroscopy in the frequency range of 50–100 GHz at 4.2 K. The position of the impurity ion in the crystal lattice and its magnetic characteristics are determined. The temperature dependences of the spin–lattice and phase relaxation times are measured by pulse EPR methods in the temperature range of 5–15 K and the high efficiency of the direct single-phonon mechanism of spin–lattice relaxation is established. This greatly shortens the spin–lattice relaxation time at low temperatures and makes impurity Tm 3+ ions in Y 2 SiO 5 a promising basis for the implementation of high-speed quantum memory based on rare-earth ions in dielectric crystals.

DOI: 10.1134/s0021364018150122

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Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters

EPR Spectroscopy of Impurity Thulium Ions in Yttrium Orthosilicate Single Crystals

Andrey A. Sukhanov, Valery F. Tarasov, Yu. D. Zavartsev, Alexander I. Zagumennyi, Sergey A. Kutovoi

Published Aug 1, 2018• 8 citations

Publisher

Abstract

DOI: 10.1134/s0021364018150122

Related papers

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Coherent spin dynamics of impurity

{\text{Yb}}^{3+}

ions in the

{\text{CaWO}}_{4}

single crystal has been studied using

X

- and

W

-band EPR. Rabi oscillations of the sample magnetization with damping times comparable to their period, driven by pulses of the microwave field with duration up to $5\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{s}$, were observed. The largest value of the single-qubit figure of merit $(\ensuremath{\sim}6400)$ is obtained for the high-field component in the

^{171}\text{Y}\text{b}

X

-band EPR spectrum. The spin-lattice relaxation time of the

{\text{Yb}}^{3+}

ions shortens with the increasing resonance frequency while the phase memory time, in contrast, grows noticeably. Variations of the phase memory times are interpreted in terms of spectral and instantaneous diffusions. The increase of the coherence time at the

W

band can be used for the application of rare-earth ions as qubits in quantum computing as it has been proposed recently.

{}^{3}

{}_{4}

) and one excited-state (

{}^{1}

{}_{2}

) for two important compounds: praseodymium doped in yttrium aluminum perovskite and praseodymium doped in yttrium orthosilicate. The spin Hamiltonian parameters are determined by numerical analysis of Raman-heterodyne spectra, which were collected for a range of static external magnetic field strengths and orientations. For Pr

{}^{3+}

:YAlO

{}_{3}

, we present a full analysis without restrictions for the Zeeman and quadrupole tensors, and our new characterization for Pr

{}^{3+}

{}_{2}

SiO

{}_{5}

resolves a controversy in the literature.

The spin relaxation dynamics of

{\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}

ions in heavily cerium-doped YAG crystals is studied using pulse-electron paramagnetic resonance and time-resolved pump-probe Faraday rotation. Both techniques address the

4f

ground state, while pump-probe Faraday rotation also provides access to the excited

5d

state. We measure a millisecond spin-lattice relaxation time

{T}_{1}

, a microsecond spin coherence time

{T}_{2}

, and a $\ensuremath{\sim}10$ ns inhomogeneous spin dephasing time

{T}_{2}^{*}

for the

{\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}

ground state at low temperatures. The spin-lattice relaxation of

{\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}

ions is due to modified Raman processes involving the optical phonon mode at $\ensuremath{\sim}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}125\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The relaxation at higher temperature goes through a first excited level of the

^{2}\mathrm{F}_{\frac{5}{2}}

term at about $\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\approx}228\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Effects provided by the hyperfine interaction of the

{\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}

with the

^{27}\mathrm{Al}

nuclei are observed.

^{167}\mathrm{Er}

isotope in

{\mathrm{Er}:\mathrm{YPO}}_{4}

is presented. Energies and symmetries of 40 crystal-field levels of

{\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}

{\mathrm{Er}:\mathrm{YPO}}_{4}

and

g

factors of some of them were determined and successfully modeled on the basis of crystal-field calculations. The obtained set of crystal-field parameters was used in modeling the hyperfine structure observed in the optical and EPR spectra of

{\mathrm{Er}:\mathrm{YPO}}_{4}

single crystals.

[^{4}I_{15∕2}(0)]

{\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}

ions in

{\mathrm{Y}}_{2}\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{O}}_{5}

. The electronic Zeeman, hyperfine, and quadrupole matrices are obtained from angular variations of the magnetic field in three orthogonal crystal planes. An excellent agreement is obtained between experimental and simulated magnetic field positions and relative intensities of EPR lines.

{}^{171}

Yb (spin-1/2) and

{}^{173}

Yb (spin-5/2) isotopes. The results demonstrate long coherence times for both the electron and nuclear spins (~1 ms). Employing a range of pulsed electron spin resonance measurements as well as comparison with relevant theory, the study elucidates a number of spin relaxation and decoherence mechanisms at work.